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Novichok Agent

Design objectives

These agents are designed to achieve three objectives:

To be undetectable using standard NATO chemical detection equipment

To defeat NATO chemical protective gear

To be safer to handle

Some of these agents are binary weapons, in which precursors for the nerve agents are mixed in a munition to produce the agent just prior to its use. Because the precursors are generally significantly less hazardous than the agents themselves, this technique makes handling and transporting the munitions a great deal simpler. Additionally, precursors to the agents are usually much easier to stabilize than the agents themselves, so this technique also made it possible to increase the shelf life of the agents. During the 1980s and 1990s, binary versions of several Soviet agents were developed and are designated as “Novichok” agents (after the Russian word for “newcomer”).

Disclosure

Extremely potent third-generation chemical weapons were developed in the Soviet Union and Russia from the 1970s until the early 1990s, according to a publication by two chemists, Lev Fedorov and Vil Mirzayanov in Moskovskiye Novosti weekly in 1992. The publication appeared just on the eve of Russia’s signing of the Chemical Weapons Convention. According to Mirzayanov, the Russian Military Chemical Complex (MCC) was using defense conversion money received from the West for development of a chemical warfare facility. Mirzoyanov made his disclosure out of environmental concerns. He was a head of a counter-intelligence department and performed measurements outside the chemical weapons facilities to make sure that foreign spies could not detect any traces of production. To his horror, the levels of deadly substances were 80 times greater than the maximum safe concentration. (A full account by Mirzayanov is available online.)

The existence of Novichok agents was openly admitted by Russian military industrial complex authorities when they brought a treason case against Mirzayanov. According to expert witness testimonies prepared for the KGB by three scientists, novichok and other related chemical agents had indeed been produced and therefore the disclosure by Mirzoyanov represented high treason.

Vil Mirzayanov was arrested in October 22, 1992 and sent to Lefortovo prison for divulging state secrets. He was released later because “not one of the formulas or names of poisonous substances in the Moscow News article was new to the Soviet press, nor were locations … of testing sites revealed.” According to Yevgenia Albats, “the real state secret revealed by Fyodorov and Nirzoyanov was that generals had lied and were still lying to both the international community and their fellow citizens.” He now lives in the U.S.

Description of Novichok agents

The first description of these agents was provided by Mirzayanov. Dispersed in an ultra-fine powder instead of a gas or a vapor, they have unique qualities. A binary agent was then created that would mimic the same properties but would either be manufactured using materials legal under the CWT or be undetectable by treaty regime inspections. The most potent compounds from this family, novichok-5 and novichok-7, are supposedly around 5-8x more potent than VX, however the exact structures of these compounds have not been reliably verified.

One of the key manufacturing sites was a chemical research institute in what is now Uzbekistan, and small, experimental batches of the weapons may have been tested on the nearby Ustyurt plateau.

Two broad families of organophosphorus agents have been claimed to be Novichok agents. First are a group of organophosphorus compounds with an attached dihaloformaldoxime group, with the general formula shown below, where R = alkyl, alkoxy, alkylamino or fluorine and X = halogen (F, Cl, Br) or pseudohalogen such as CN. These compounds are extensively documented in Soviet literature of the time, but it is unclear whether they are in fact the potent “Novichok” compounds.

Some examples of the first group of compounds reported in the literature are shown below, but it is unknown whether any of these is novichok-5 or novichok-7.

Mirzayanov gives somewhat different structures for Novichok agents in his autobiography, as shown below. He makes clear that a large number of compounds were made, and many of the less potent derivatives reported in the open literature as new organophosphate insecticides, so that the secret chemical weapons program could be disguised as legitimate pesticide research.

Effects

As a nerve agent, Novichok belongs to organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. These chemical compounds inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, preventing the normal breakdown of neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Acetylcholine concentrations then increase at neuromuscular junctions to cause involuntary contraction of all muscles. This then leads to respiratory and cardiac arrest and finally death. The use of a fast-acting peripheral anticholinergic drug such as Atropine could block the receptors where acetylcholine acts to prevent poisoning (as is the treatment for poisoning by other acetylcholinesterare inhibitors). This is however quite dangerous in itself.

References

^ Tucker, J. B.; War of Nerves; Anchor Books; New York; 2006; pp 232-233.

^ a b Vadim J. Birstein. The Perversion Of Knowledge: The True Story of Soviet Science. Westview Press (2004) ISBN 0-813-34280-5

^ a b c d e Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia Past, Present, and Future, 1994. ISBN 0-374-18104-7 (see pages 325-328)

^ Tucker, J. B.; War of Nerves; Anchor Books; New York; 2006; pp 231.

^ Tucker, J. B.; War of Nerves; Anchor Books; New York; 2006; pp 233.

^ Tucker, J. B.; War of Nerves; Anchor Books; New York; 2006; pp 253.

^ Fedorov, Lev and Vil Mirzayanov, “Poisoned Politics,” Moskovskiye Novosti weekly No. 39, 1992. Much of this information was published earlier in the newspaper “Top Secret” run by Artyom Borovik in September 1991. However the KGB did not arrest Mirzayanov earlier due to political turmoil in Russia at this time, according to a book by Yevgenia Albats.

^ a b Vil Mirzayanov “Dismantling the Soviet/Russian Chemical Weapons Complex: An Insider’s View” Chemical Weapons Disarmament in Russia: Problems and Prospects (Washington, D.C.: Henry L. Stimson Center, 1995), page 21.

^ “the talk [by Mirzayanov] about binary weapons was no more than a verbal construct, an argument ex adverso, and only the MCC [Russian Military Chemical Complex] could corroborate or refute this natural assumption. By entangling V. S. Mirzayanov in investigation, the MCC confirmed the stated hypothesis, advancing it to the ranks of proven facts.”

^ a b David Hoffman (August 16, 1998). [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/coldwar/wasteside1.htm "Wastes of War: Soviets Reportedly Built Weapon Despite Pact"]. The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/coldwar/wasteside1.htm. Retrieved 2007-07-20.

^ a b c Louise Hidalgo (August 9, 1999). “US dismantles chemical weapons”. BBC News Online. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/415742.stm. Retrieved 2007-07-20.

^ Kruglyak Yu L, Malekin SI, Martynov IV. Phosphorylated oximes. XII. Reactions of 2-halophospholanes with dichlorofluoronitrosomethane. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii. 1972; 42(4):811-14.

^ Raevskii OA, Chapysheva NV, Ivanov AN, Sokolov VB, Martynov IV. Effect of Alkyl Substituents in Phosphorylated Oximes. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii. 1987; 57(12):2720-2723

^ Raevskii OA, Grigor’ev V Yu, Solov’ev VP, Ivanov AN, Sokolov VB, Martynov IV. Electron-Donor Functions of Ethyl Methylchloroformimino Methylphosphonate. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii. 1987; 57(9):2073-2078

^ Makhaeva GF, Filonenko IV, Yankovskaya VL, Fomicheva SB, Malygin VV. Comparative studies of O,O-dialkyl-O-chloromethylchloroformimino phosphates: interaction with neuropathy target esterase and acetylcholinesterase. Neurotoxicology. 1998 Aug-Oct;19(4-5):623-8. PMID 9745921

^ Raevski OA, Chistiakov VV, Agabekian RS, Sapegin AM, Zefirov NS. Formation of models of the interaction between organophosphate compound structure and their ability to inhibit cholinesterase. Bioorganicheskaia Khimiia. 1990 Nov;16(11):1509-22. PMID 2096825

^ Ivanov IuIa, Sokolov VB, Epishina TA, Martynov IV. O-substituted alkylchloroformoximes as substrates and inhibitors of cholinesterases. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR. 1990;310(5):1253-5. PMID 2354654

^ Malygin VV, Sokolov VB, Richardson RJ, Makhaeva GF. Quantitative structure-activity relationships predict the delayed neurotoxicity potential of a series of O-alkyl-O-methylchloroformimino phenylphosphonates. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A. 2003 Apr 11;66(7):611-25. PMID 12746136

^ Steven L. Hoenig. Compendium of Chemical Warfare Agents. Springer New York, 2007. ISBN 978-0-387-34626-7

^ D Hank Ellison. Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents (2nd) 2008. p37-41. ISBN 0849314348

^ Vil S Mirzayanov. State Secrets. An Insider’s Chronicle of the Russian Chemical Weapons Program. (2009) pp142-145, 179-180. ISBN 9781432725662

External links

Chemical Weapons in Russia: History, Ecology, Politics by Lev Fedorov, Moscow, Center of Ecological Policy of Russia, 27 July 1994

Vil Mirzayanov “Dismantling the Soviet/Russian Chemical Weapons Complex: An Insider’s View” Chemical Weapons Disarmament in Russia: Problems and Prospects (Washington, D.C.: Henry L. Stimson Center, 1995).

Russian chemical weapons and [by Federation of American Scientists

Vil Mirzayanov, a scientist honored by the AAAS Science and Human Rights Program in 1995

The Chemical Weapons Coverup, by J. Michael Waller, The Wall Street Journal, February 13, 1997

http://www.nbcdefence.net/nore/novi_1.htm

v d e

Chemical agents

Blood

Cyanogen chloride (CK) Hydrogen cyanide (AC)

Blister

Ethyldichloroarsine (ED) Methyldichloroarsine (MD) Phenyldichloroarsine (PD) Lewisite (L) Sulfur mustard gas (HD H HT HL HQ) Nitrogen mustard gas (HN1 HN2 HN3)

Nerve

G-agents

Tabun (GA) Sarin (GB) Soman (GD) Cyclosarin (GF) GV

V-agents

EA-3148 VE VG VM VR VX

Novichok agents

Pulmonary

Chlorine Chloropicrin (PS) Phosgene (CG) Diphosgene (DP)

Incapacitating

Agent 15 (BZ) EA-3167 Kolokol-1

Riot control

Pepper spray (OC) CS gas CN gas (mace) CR gas

v d e

Cholinergics

Receptor

Ligands

mAChR

Agonists: 77-LH-28-1 AC-42 AC-260,584 Aceclidine Acetylcholine AF30 AF150(S) AF267B AFDX-384 Alvameline AQRA-741 Arecoline Bethanechol Butyrylcholine Carbachol CDD-0034 CDD-0078 CDD-0097 CDD-0098 CDD-0102 Cevimeline cis-Dioxolane Ethoxysebacylcholine LY-593,039 L-689,660 LY-2,033,298 McNA343 Methacholine Milameline Muscarine NGX-267 Ocvimeline Oxotremorine PD-151,832 Pilocarpine RS86 Sabcomeline SDZ 210-086 Sebacylcholine Suberylcholine Talsaclidine Thiopilocarpine Vedaclidine VU-0029767 VU-0090157 VU-0152099 VU-0152100 VU-0238429 WAY-132,983 Xanomeline YM-796

Antagonists: 3-Quinuclidinyl Benzilate 4-DAMP Anisodamine Anisodine Atropine Atropine Methonitrate Benactyzine Benzatropine (Benztropine) Benzydamine BIBN 99 Biperiden Bornaprine CAR-226,086 CAR-301,060 CAR-302,196 CAR-302,282 CAR-302,368 CAR-302,537 CAR-302,668 CS-27349 Cyclobenzaprine Cyclopentolate Darifenacin DAU-5884 Dimethindene Dexetimide DIBD Dicyclomine (Dicycloverine) Ditran EA-3167 EA-3443 EA-3580 EA-3834 Elemicin Etanautine Etybenzatropine (Ethylbenztropine) Flavoxate Himbacine HL-031,120 Ipratropium J-104,129 Hyoscyamine Mamba Toxin 3 Mamba Toxin 7 Mazaticol Mebeverine Methoctramine Metixene Myristicin N-Ethyl-3-Piperidyl Benzilate N-Methyl-3-Piperidyl Benzilate Orphenadrine Otenzepad Oxybutynin PBID PD-102,807 Phenglutarimide Phenyltoloxamine Pirenzepine Piroheptine Procyclidine Profenamine RU-47,213 SCH-57,790 SCH-72,788 SCH-217,443 Scopolamine (Hyoscine) Solifenacin Telenzepine Tiotropium Tolterodine Trihexyphenidyl Tripitamine Tropatepine Tropicamide WIN-2299 Zamifenacin; Others: 1st Generation Antihistamines (Brompheniramine Chlorpheniramine, Cyclizine, Cyproheptadine, Dimenhydrinate, Diphenhydramine, Doxylamine, Hydroxyzine, Meclizine, Mepyramine/Pyrilamine, Phenindamine, Pheniramine, Tripelennamine, Triprolidine, etc) Tricyclic Antidepressants (Amitriptyline, Doxepin, Trimipramine, etc) Tetracyclic Antidepressants (Amoxapine, Maprotiline, etc) Typical Antipsychotics (Chlorpromazine, Thioridazine, etc) Atypical Antipsychotics (Clozapine, Olanzapine, Quetiapine, etc)

nAChR

Agonists: 5-HIAA A-84,543 A-366,833 A-582,941 A-867,744 ABT-202 ABT-418 ABT-560 ABT-894 Acetylcholine Altinicline Anabasine AR-R17779 Butyrylcholine Carbachol Cotinine Cytisine Decamethonium Desformylflustrabromine Dianicline Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Epibatidine Epiboxidine Ethoxysebacylcholine EVP-4473 EVP-6124 Galantamine GTS-21 Ispronicline Lobeline MEM-63,908 (RG-3487) Nicotine NS-1738 PHA-543,613 PHA-709,829 PNU-120,596 PNU-282,987 Pozanicline Rivanicline Sazetidine A Sebacylcholine SIB-1508Y SIB-1553A SSR-180,711 Suberylcholine TC-1698 TC-1734 TC-1827 TC-2216 TC-5214 TC-5619 TC-6683 Tebanicline Tropisetron UB-165 Varenicline XY-4083

Antagonists: 18-Methoxycoronaridine -Bungarotoxin -Conotoxin Alcuronium Anatruxonium Atracurium Bupropion (Amfebutamone) Chandonium Chlorisondamine Cisatracurium Coclaurine Coronaridine Dacuronium Decamethonium Dextromethorphan Dextropropoxyphene Dextrorphan Diadonium DHE Dimethyltubocurarine (Metocurine) Dipyrandium Dizocilpine (MK-801) Doxacurium Duador Esketamine Fazadinium Gallamine Hexafluronium Hexamethonium (Benzohexonium) Ibogaine Ketamine Kynurenic Acid Levacetylmethadol Malouetine Mecamylamine Memantine Methadone Methorphan (Racemethorphan) Methyllycaconitine Metocurine Mivacurium Morphanol (Racemorphanol) Neramexane Pancuronium Pempidine Pentamine Pentolinium Phencyclidine Pipecuronium Radafaxine Rapacuronium Rocuronium Surugatoxin Suxamethonium (Succinylcholine) Toxiferine Trimethaphan Tropeinium Tubocurarine Vecuronium

Reuptake

Inhibitors

Plasmalemmal

CHT Inhibitors

Hemicholinium-3 (Hemicholine)

Vesicular

VAChT Inhibitors

Vesamicol

Enzyme

Inhibitors

Anabolism

ChAT Inhibitors

1-(-Benzoylethyl)pyridinium 2-(-Naphthoyl)ethyltrimethylammonium 3-Chloro-4-stillbazole 4-(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine Acetylseco Hemicholinium-3 Acryloylcholine AF64A B115 BETA CM-54,903 N,N-Dimethylaminoethylacrylate N,N-Dimethylaminoethylchloroacetate

Catabolism

AChE Inhibitors

Reversible: Carbamates: Aldicarb Bendiocarb Bufencarb Carbaryl Carbendazim Carbetamide Carbofuran Chlorbufam Chloropropham Ethienocarb Ethiofencarb Fenobucarb Fenoxycarb Formetanate Furadan Ladostigil Methiocarb Methomyl Miotine Oxamyl Phenmedipham Pinmicarb Pirimicarb Propamocarb Propham Propoxur; Stigmines: Ganstigmine Neostigmine Phenserine Physostigmine Pyridostigmine Rivastigmine; Others: Ambenonium Donepezil Edrophonium Galantamine Huperzine A (Huperzia Serrata) Minaprine Tacrine Zanapezil

Irreversible: Organophosphates: Acephate Azinphos-Methyl Bensulide Cadusafos Chlorethoxyfos Chlorfenvinphos Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos-Methyl Coumaphos Cyclosarin (GF) Demeton Demeton-S-Methyl Diazinon Dichlorvos Dicrotophos Diisopropyl Fluorophosphate (Guthion) Diisopropylphosphate Dimethoate Dioxathion Disulfoton EA-3148 Echothiophate Ethion Ethoprop Fenamiphos Fenitrothion Fenthion Fosthiazate GV Isofluorophate Isoxathion Malaoxon Malathion Methamidophos Methidathion Metrifonate Mevinphos Monocrotophos Naled Novichok Agent Omethoate Oxydemeton-Methyl Paraoxon Parathion Parathion-Methyl Phorate Phosalone Phosmet Phostebupirim Phoxim Pirimiphos-Methyl Sarin (GB) Soman (GD) Tabun (GA) Temefos Terbufos Tetrachlorvinphos Tribufos Trichlorfon VE VG VM VR VX; Others: Demecarium Onchidal (Onchidella Binneyi)

BChE Inhibitors

Many of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors listed above act as butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors.

Others

Precursors

Choline (Lecithin) Citicoline Dimethylethanolamine Glycerophosphocholine Phosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylethanolamine Phosphorylcholine

Cofactors

Acetic Acid Acetyl-L-Carnitine Acetyl-Coenzyme A Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid, Pantethine, Pantetheine, Panthenol)

Others

Acetylcholine Releasing Agents: -Latrotoxin -Bungarotoxin; Acetylcholine Release Inhibitors: Botulinum Toxin (Botox); Acetylcholinesterase Reactivators: Pralidoxime obidoxime

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Dynamics Of Fashion 3rd Edition

Dynamics Of Fashion 3rd Edition

High dynamic range imaging

Example

Photographs

4 stops

2 stops

+2 stops

+4 stops

Merged to HDR then reduced to LDR

Simple contrast reduction

Local tone mapping

Photography

Main article: Dynamic range#Photography

In photography, dynamic range is measured in EV differences (known as stops) between the brightest and darkest parts of the image that show detail. An increase of one EV or one stop is a doubling of the amount of light.

Dynamic Ranges of Common Devices

Device

Stops

Contrast

Computer LCD Display

9.5

700:1

DSLR camera (1Dmk2)

2048:1

Print film

128:1

High-dynamic-range photographs are generally achieved by capturing multiple standard photographs, often using exposure bracketing, and then merging them into an HDR image. Digital photographs are often encoded in a camera’s raw image format, because 8 bit JPEG encoding clips the camera’s possible dynamic range (and also introduces undesirable effects due to the lossy compression).

Any camera that allows manual over- or under-exposure of a photo can be used to create HDR images.

Some cameras have an auto exposure bracketing (AEB) feature with a far greater dynamic range than others, from the 3 EV of the Canon EOS 40D, to the 18 EV of the Canon EOS-1D Mark II.

The Pentax K-7 DSLR has an HDR mode which captures an HDR image and then outputs (only) a tone-mapped JPEG file.

Dynamic range for each ISO setting of the 1Dmk2

ISO

Dynamic Range (Stops)

11.3

100

11.6

200

11.5

400

11.2

800

10.7

1600

9.7

3200

8.7

Mathematics

Contrast ratio = 2(EV difference)

EV difference = log2(Contrast ratio)

The fact that an increase of 1 EV indicates a doubling of light means that EV is often represented on a base-2 logarithmic scale.

The human perception of brightness is well approximated by a Steven’s power law, which over a reasonable range is close to logarithmic, as described by the Weberechner law, which is one reason that logarithmic measures of light intensity are often used.

Representing HDR images on LDR displays

Contrast reduction

HDR images can easily be represented on common LDR devices, such as computer monitors and photographic prints, by simply reducing the contrast, just as all image editing software is capable of doing.

Clipping and compressing dynamic range

Scenes with high dynamic ranges are often represented on LDR devices by cropping the dynamic range, cutting off the darkest and brightest details, or alternatively with an S conversion curve that compresses contrast progressively and more aggressively in the highlights and shadows while leaving the middle portions of the contrast range relatively unaffected.

An example of a rendering of an HDRI tone-mapped image in a New York City nighttime cityscape.

Tone mapping

Main article: Tone mapping

Tone mapping reduces the dynamic range, or contrast ratio, of the entire image, while retaining localized contrast (between neighboring pixels), tapping into research on how the human eye and visual cortex perceive a scene, trying to represent the whole dynamic range while retaining realistic color and contrast.

Images with too much tone mapping processing have their range over-compressed, creating a surreal low-dynamic-range rendering of a high-dynamic-range scene.

Comparison with traditional digital images

Information stored in high dynamic range images typically corresponds to the physical values of luminance or radiance that can be observed in the real world. This is different from traditional digital images, which represent colors that should appear on a monitor or a paper print. Therefore, HDR image formats are often called “scene-referred”, in contrast to traditional digital images, which are “device-referred” or “output-referred”. Furthermore, traditional images are usually encoded for the human visual system (maximizing the visual information stored in the fixed number of bits), which is usually called “gamma encoding” or “gamma correction”. The values stored for HDR images are often gamma compressed (power law) or logarithmically encoded, or floating-point linear values, since fixed-point linear encodings are increasingly inefficient over higher dynamic ranges.

HDR images often use a higher number of bits per color channel than traditional images to represent many more colors over a much wider dynamic range. 16-bit (“half precision”) or 32-bit floating point numbers are often used to represent HDR pixels. However, when the appropriate transfer function is used, HDR pixels for some applications can be represented with as few as 1012 bits for luminance and 8 bits for chrominance without introducing any visible quantization artifacts.

History of HDR photography

1850

The idea of using several exposures to fix a too-extreme range of luminance was pioneered as early as the 1850s by Gustave Le Gray to render seascapes showing both the sky and the sea. Such rendering was impossible at the time using standard techniques, the luminosity range being too extreme. Le Gray used one negative for the sky, and another one with a longer exposure for the sea, and combined the two in a single picture in positive.

1930

High dynamic range imaging was originally developed in the 1930s and 1940s by Charles Wyckoff. Wyckoff’s detailed pictures of nuclear explosions appeared on the cover of Life magazine in the mid 1940s. Wyckoff implemented local neighborhood tone remapping to combine differently exposed film layers into one single image of greater dynamic range.

1980

The desirability of HDR has been recognized for decades, but its wider usage was, until quite recently, precluded by the limitations imposed by the available computer processing power. Probably the first practical application of HDRI was by the movie industry in late 1980s and, in 1985, Gregory Ward created the Radiance RGBE image file format which was the first (and still the most commonly used) HDR imaging file format.

Wyckoff’s concept of neighborhood tone mapping was applied to video cameras by a group from the Technion in Israel led by Prof. Y.Y.Zeevi who filed for a patent on this concept in 1988. In 1993 the first commercial medical camera was introduced that performed real time capturing of multiple images with different exposures, and producing an HDR video image.

Modern HDR imaging uses a completely different approach, based on making a high-dynamic range luminance or light map using only global image operations (across the entire image), and then tone mapping this result. Global HDR was first introduced in 1993 resulting in a mathematical theory of differently exposed pictures of the same subject matter that was published in 1995 by Steve Mann and Rosalind Picard. In 1997 this global-HDR technique of combining several differently exposed images to produce a single HDR image was presented to the computer graphics community by Paul Debevec.

This method was developed to produce a high dynamic range image from a set of photographs taken with a range of exposures. With the rising popularity of digital cameras and easy-to-use desktop software, the term HDR is now popularly used to refer to this process. This composite technique is different from (and may be of lesser or greater quality than) the production of an image from a single exposure of a sensor that has a native high dynamic range. Tone mapping is also used to display HDR images on devices with a low native dynamic range, such as a computer screen.

1996

Steve Mann developed and patented the global-HDR method for producing digital images having extended dynamic range at the MIT Media Laboratory. Mann’s method involved a two-step procedure: (1) generate a single floating point image array by global-only image operations (operations that affect all pixels identically, without regard to their local neighborhoods); and then (2) convert this image array, using local neighborhood processing (tone-remapping, etc.), into an HDR image. The image array generated by the first step of Mann’s process is called a “lightspace image”, “lightspace picture”, or “radiance map”. Another benefit of global-HDR imaging is that it provides access to the intermediate light or radiance map, which has been used for computer vision, and other image processing operations.

1997

In 1997 this technique of combining several differently exposed images to produce a single HDR image was presented to the public by Paul Debevec.

2005

A tone-mapped rendering of an HDR photo taken in Ithaca, New York

Photoshop CS2 introduced the Merge to HDR function.

In many ways, Photoshop CS2′s HDR function is the holy grail of dynamic range. With properly shot and processed files it allows photographers to easily create images that were previously impossible, or at least very difficult to accomplish. But, good as it is, like a gun or nuclear power, it can be a force for evil as well as good.

Not every image needs to have 10-15 stops of dynamic range. In fact, most photographs look quite nice, thank you very much, with the 5-7 stops of dynamic range that we’re used to. I fully expect to see some really silly if not downright ugly images in the months ahead, as photographers get their copies of Photoshop CS2 and start discovering what the HDR function is capable of.

But, as with all such tool [sic], in the hands of sensitive artists and competent craftsmen, I’m sure that we will start to be shown the world in new and exciting ways.

Michael Reichmann , Luminous Landscape

Video

Until recently there were no “pure” examples of HDR based cinematography, since the effects were most commonly used during composited sequences in films. However with the advent of low cost consumer digital cameras, many amateurs began posting tone mapped HDR timelapse videos on the Internet. In 2008 Mobius/Quark Films released “Silicon Valley Timelapse” which is said to feature almost 1.1 million frames of tone mapped HDR, making it the largest single source of tone mapped HDR footage available to date.[citation needed]

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Dynamics Crm 5 Beta

Dynamics Crm 5 Beta

Dynamics CRM Bi Tools

Recently as of the time of this writing, Microsoft took yet another step in the direction of making it easier for business partners and clients to add customization to its BI suite of software. (BI stands for “business intelligence”.)

Microsoft has released its Dynamics CRM Analytics Foundation. This is a bundle of customizable documentation and source code, and it’s for free to all users of MS CRM software. Clients and business partners can build on the tools found in this bundle for the creation of customized BI applications, or simply use them as they are found.

Microsoft is just one of the sellers of CRM software that is now endorsing what it calls “BI for the masses”, which essentially comprises the implementation of real-time metrics, information, and data in a format that is usable by all staff members and not confined to upper management. Microsoft is hoping that by selling the software that enables this, it can increase its own sales volume of CRM software.

Microsoft’s Dynamics CRM software draws upon Microsoft’s data analysis and management software programs including its SharePoint Portal technologies, Visual Studio suite of developmental tools, Office Business Scorecard Manager, and its SQL Server relational database. Christian Pederson, the senior director for Microsoft’s Dynamics CRM development, says, “We’re bringing the entire BI strategy from Microsoft to life”. He expects Dynamics CRM to be an important proof in the pudding for that concept, as it merges the analytics capabilities and data mining capabilities of the software with the company’s SQL Server. Another piece of the Dynamics CRM suite that Microsoft will be releasing later on in this year at the time of this writing, according to Pederson, is going to be its PerformancePoint Server 2007.

PerfomancePoint Server 2007 has been undergoing Beta testing since November of 2006. It comprises a conglomeration of technologies that Microsoft acquired through the buying of ProClarity last year and its own proprietary BI technologies. PerfomancePoint functions as a way for users to put their data and business rules onto a central server to then be integrated with BI forecasting, planning, scorecarding, and analysing.

The latest step in Dynamics CRM can allow a company to study predictive analytics concerning client activities in order to cross-sell or upsell with more success. When a client contacts your company, your salesmen would be able to access the data in Dynamics CRM related to things beyond just that client, such as other clients’ buying habits, that put the salesman in a position to make informed and relevant recommendations for additional products.

About the Author

Sayed Ally, is the lead CRM Analyst. His company provides,
Microsoft CRM Software

Sayed can be reached at Tel : (905) 815- 1995 ext 22, email:
aSayed@cqsolutions.com

Dynamite Cover

Dynamite Cover
Dynamite Cover Dynamite Cover
Questions about Red Dead Redemption?

1:u know the Stranger challenge “I Know You” is there anyway to find out how he actually knows John Marston? or does it not say? and how come when John shoots him nothing happens?

2: (SPOILER) why would they have John Marston die in the end? he could have one. even with all those guys outside his barn. he could have done tons of things to win. (he could have thrown a stick of dynamite out the door, a fire bottle, stayed in cover and shot around the corner, ran out the back of the barn, etc. he could have lived. but they just had him die

3:who else thinks its kinda dumb that just randomly John Marstons wife died? it doesn’t even explain how she died. she just does.

1. How who knows john marston? The guy your controlling is johns son (jack), and the guy you shoot is the federal agent that killed your father, john. You did a bunch of missions with him as john in blackwater..

2. I thought making him die at the end was cool, it was unexpected. And then you finish off the game getting revenge as johns son. Cool idea.

3. What do you mean randomly. She probably died of old age since people didn’t live as long in old west times as they do now. And when you see her grave its through the eyes of her now adult son so it was years later after john died.

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A.N.T. Farm stars China Anne McClain, who plays Chyna Parks, an 11-year old musical prodigy. Chyna sings and plays every single instrument and is the latest addition to the Advanced Natural Talents (A.N.T.) Program – a program for talented and gifted kids to skip middle school and go right to high school. The series depicts the new fish-out-of-water Chyna Parks and her fellow A.N.T.s. in the somet…

Buddy’s Baddest: The Best of Buddy Guy

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The title’s baloney. Sure, some of Buddy Guy’s most blistering guitar playing has been captured on his ’90s recordings for Silvertone, but with albums like Muddy Waters’s 1964 Folk Singer and his own 1967 solo debut A Man & the Blues on his résumé, Guy’s status as a Chicago blues giant was assured long before his 1991 comeback Damn Right, I’ve Got the Blues. Nonetheless, that tune, the instrumen…

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German heavy metal marauders Scorpions recorded seven studio records before breaking in to the U.S. market in 1982 with Blackout. The album became the group’s first platinum disc in the U.S., and the dynamic single “No One Like You” became a staple of album rock radio. While the Scorpions had created powerful anthems and epic rockers in the past, Blackout mixed the ingredients just right. The titl…

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A high school outcast throws caution to the wind to help his new friend get elected class president.Genre: Feature Film-ComedyRating: PGRelease Date: 2-AUG-2006Media Type: DVD…

The Flintstones – The Complete Third Season

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FLINTSTONES:COMPLETE THIRD SEASON – DVD Movie…

Black Dynamite

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When drug dealers take out his kid brother, ex-CIA agent Black Dynamite (Spawn’s Michael Jai White) makes like a karate-chopping dynamo to track them down. Armed with a .44 Magnum, a set of nunchucks, and a sexy ‘stache, Big D starts out in the City of Angels, where his buddies Cream Corn (In Living Color’s Tommy Davidson), a hustler, and Bullhorn (co-writer Byron Minns), a club owner, offer to le…

Napoleon Dynamite Moon Boots – Adult Std.

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NONE MORE BLACK – Clown Cover – Black T-shirt

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Golf Travel Bag

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Your golf clubs can be transported safely and securely in the Dynamite Golf Travel Bag. Made from high-quality 600 denier polyester for optimal protection on trips. Perfect for frequent travelers, it makes a great gift for the golfer in your life. Features: Padded shoulder strap Double zipper Waterproof vinyl Reinforced stress points Vinyl heavyduty backing Quick trip travel bag 46 i…

Dynamite Rear Cover Pull Start with/O-Ring: Mach 2.12

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Rear Cover Pull Start with/O-Ring: Mach 2.12DynamitePart DYN6719…

Dynamite Hack

Dynamite Hack
Dynamite Hack Dynamite Hack
Looking for the metal version of “Baby Got Back”, not by Throwdown. It had mom jokes at the beginning, thanks!?

It floated around for years, apparently mislabeled from “Dynamite Hack”, as I can not find it from them anywhere.

Just found this link for you.
Baby Got Back.mp3

http://files.ww.com/files/62240.html

Dynamite Hack Boyz In The Hood

Take a Bite Outta Rhyme

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Since many Limp Bizkit, Eminem, and Korn fans aren’t hip to the original rap influences that informed the late-1990s rap-metal explosion, Take a Bite Outta Rhyme’s intentions are honorable–have rock bands cover tunes by rap luminaries such as Public Enemy, LL Cool J, and Ice-T. But things go astray with Dynamite Hack’s intentionally sappy reworking of Eazy-E’s “Boys-n-the Hood,” followed by weak …

How To Break Up A Band (Deluxe Edition) [Explicit]

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…

Superfast

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…

Dynamite Hack / Boyz in the Hood

Dynamite Hack / Boyz in the Hood from the album Superfast….

Dynamite

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…

Call of Juarez: Bound in Blood

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You are taken from the Civil War-era Georgia to the Aztec ruins of Mexico in Call of Juarez: Bound in Blood by Ubi Soft, were you can embody both McCall brothers in an intense Wild West storyline full of greed, lust and lawlessness that takes place during a legendary period of American history. Multiplayer Mode offers numerous modes and maps for hours gaming fun Gunslingers, bandits and marshal…

Hack/Slash/Eva: Monster’s Ball TP

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Eva: a time-lost warrior who believes that God wants her to rid our world of the foul things that lurk in the shadows. Cassie Hack: a 21st century anti-heroine who has devoted her life to the elimination of “slashers” who kill without mercy or reason. These lethal ladies and their monstrous majordomos Michael and Vlad may seem like two sides of the same coin, but they”re as different as night and…

Suicide Girls #2 Cover A

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The worldwide network of SuicideGirls wants Frank to join, and Frank desperately wants to find her friend Xenia. But head SG Sana knows Frank isn’t telling the whole truth, and there’s no way they can fight AutoCorpe unless they find out what she’s hiding….

Hack/Slash/Eva: Monster’s Ball #1 (Cover A)

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Eva: A time-lost warrior who believes that God wants her to rid our world of the foul things that lurk in the shadows.
Cassie Hack: A 21st century anti-heroine who has devoted her life to the elimination of “slashers” who kill without mercy or reason. These lethal ladies and their monstrous majordomos Michael and Vlad may seem like two sides of the same coin, but they’re as different as night and …

Dynamic Drive Css Menu

Dynamic Drive Css Menu

Internet Explorer – Slurry Pump EHR – china Sludge Pump EZG

Overview
Internet Explorer was first released as part of the add-on package Plus! for Windows 95 in 1995. Later versions were available as free downloads, or in service packs, and included in the OEM service releases of Windows 95 and later versions of Windows.
Other versions available since the late 1990s include an embedded OEM version called Internet Explorer for Windows CE (IE CE) available for WinCE based platforms and currently based on IE6. Internet Explorer for Pocket PC, later rebranded Internet Explorer Mobile for Windows Mobile was also developed, and remain in development alongside the more advanced desktop versions. History
Main article: History of Internet Explorer
See also: Internet Explorer versions
The Internet Explorer project was started in the summer of 1994[citation needed] by Thomas Reardon, and subsequently led by Benjamin Slivka,[dubious discuss] leveraging source code from Spyglass, Inc. Mosaic, an early commercial web browser with formal ties to the pioneering NCSA Mosaic browser. In late 1994, Microsoft licensed Spyglass Mosaic for a quarterly fee plus a percentage of Microsoft’s non-Windows revenues for the software. Although bearing a name similar to NCSA Mosaic, Spyglass Mosaic had used the NCSA Mosaic source code sparingly.
Internet Explorer 1 Internet Explorer
Main article: Internet Explorer 1
Internet Explorer 1 debuted on August 16, 1995. It was a reworked version of Spyglass Mosaic which Microsoft had licensed, like many other companies initiating browser development, from Spyglass Inc. It came with Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95 and OEM release of Windows 95. It was installed as part of the Internet Jumpstart Kit in Plus!. The Internet Explorer team began with about half a dozen people in early development. Internet Explorer 1.5 was released several months later for Windows NT and added support for basic table rendering. However, by including it for free on their OS they did not have to pay royalties to Spyglass Inc., which resulted in a lawsuit and multi-million USD settlement. Internet Explorer 2
Main article: Internet Explorer 2
Internet Explorer 2 was released for Windows 95, Windows NT 3.5, and NT 4.0 on November 22, 1995 (following a 2.0 beta in October). It featured support for SSL, cookies, VRML, RSA, and Internet newsgroups. Version 2 was also the first release for Windows 3.1 and Macintosh System 7.0.1 (PPC or 68k), although the Mac version was not released until January 1996 for PPC, and April for 68k. Version 2.1 for the Mac came out in August 1996, although by this time Windows was getting 3.0. Version 2 was included in Windows 95 OSR 1 and Microsoft’s Internet Starter Kit for Windows 95 in early 1996, It launched with twelve languages including English but this expanded to 24, 20, and 9 for Win 95, Win 3.1 and Mac respectively by April 1996. The 2.0i version supported double-byte character-set.
Usage share of Internet Explorer, 19942009 Internet Explorer 3
Main article: Internet Explorer 3
Internet Explorer 3, was released on August 13, 1996, and went on to be much more popular than its predecessors. It was developed without Spyglass source code, although still crediting Spyglass “technology” in the program’s documentation. Internet Explorer 3 was the first major browser with CSS support, although this support was only partial. It also introduced support for ActiveX controls, Java applets, inline multimedia, and the PICS system for content metadata. Version 3 also came bundled with Internet Mail and News, NetMeeting, and an early version of the Windows Address Book, and was itself included with Windows 95 OSR 2. Version 3 proved to be the first more popular version of Internet Explorer, which brought with it increased scrutiny. In the months following its release, a number of security and privacy vulnerabilities were found by researchers and hackers. This version of Internet Explorer was the first to have the ‘blue e’ logo. The Internet Explorer team consisted of roughly 100 people during the development of three months. The first major IE security hole, the Princeton Word Macro Virus Loophole, was discovered on August 22, 1996 in IE3. Backwards compatibility was handled by allowing users who upgraded to IE3 to still use the last IE, because the installation converted the previous version to separate directory. Internet Explorer 4
Main article: Internet Explorer 4
Internet Explorer 4, released in September 1997 deepened the level of integration between the web browser and the underlying operating system. Installing version 4 on a Windows 95 or Windows NT 4 machine and choosing Windows Desktop Update would result in the traditional Windows Explorer being replaced by a version more akin to a web browser interface, as well as the Windows desktop itself being web-enabled via Active Desktop. The integration with Windows, however, was subject to numerous packaging criticisms (see United States v. Microsoft). This option was no longer available with the installers for later versions of Internet Explorer but was not removed from the system if already installed. Internet Explorer 4 introduced support for Group Policy, allowing companies to configure and lock down many aspects of the browser’s configuration as well as support for offline browsing. Internet Mail and News was replaced with Outlook Express, and Microsoft Chat and an improved NetMeeting were also included. This version also was included with Windows 98. New features were added which allow you to save and retrieve posts in comment forms which are still not being used today. Internet Explorer 4.5 offered new features such as easier 128-bit encryption. It also offered a dramatic stability improvement over prior versions, particularly the 68k version which was especially prone to freezing.
Market Share History Snapshot
for February, 2005
IE4 – .07%
IE5 – 6.17%
IE6 – 82.79% Internet Explorer 5
Main article: Internet Explorer 5
Internet Explorer 5, launched on March 18, 1999, and subsequently included with Windows 98 Second Edition and bundled with Office 2000, was another significant release that supported bi-directional text, ruby characters, XML, XSLT and the ability to save web pages in MHTML format. IE5 was bundled with Outlook Express 5. Also, with the release of Internet Explorer 5.0, Microsoft released the first version of XMLHttpRequest, giving birth to Ajax (even though the term “Ajax” wasn’t coined until years later.) It was the last with a 16-bit version. Internet Explorer 5.01, a bug fix version, was released in December 1999. Windows 2000 includes this version. Internet Explorer 5.5 followed in July 2000, improving its print preview capabilities, CSS and HTML standards support, and developer APIs; this version was bundled with Windows Me. Version 5.5 also included support for 128-bit encryption. However, version 5 was the last version for Mac and UNIX. Version 5.5 was the last to have Compatibility Mode, which allowed Internet Explorer 4 to be run side by side with the 5.x. The IE team consisted of over 1,000 people by 1999, with funding on the order of 100 million USD per year.
Market Share History Snapshot
for October 2008
IE4 – 0.01%
IE5 – 0.20%
IE6 – 37.01% Internet Explorer 6
Internet Explorer 6
Main article: Internet Explorer 6
Internet Explorer 6 was released on August 27, 2001, a few months before Windows XP. This version included DHTML enhancements, content restricted inline frames, and partial support of CSS level 1, DOM level 1 and SMIL 2.0. The MSXML engine was also updated to version 3.0. Other new features included a new version of the Internet Explorer Administration Kit (IEAK), Media bar, Windows Messenger integration, fault collection, automatic image resizing, P3P, and a new look-and-feel that was in line with the Luna visual style of Windows XP, when used in Windows XP. Internet Explorer 6.0 SP1 offered several security enhancements and coincided with XP SP1 patch release. In 2002, the Gopher protocol was disabled and support for it was dropped in Internet Explorer 7. Internet Explorer 6.0 SV1 came out August 6, 2004 for Windows XP SP2 and offered various security enhancements and new color buttons on the user interface. IE6 updated the original ‘blue e’ logo to a lighter blue and more 3D look. Internet Explorer 7
Main article: Internet Explorer 7
Internet Explorer 7 was released on October 18, 2006. It includes bug fixes, enhancements to its support for web standards, tabbed browsing with tab preview and management, a multiple-engine search box, a web feeds reader, Internationalized Domain Name support (IDN), Extended Validation Certificate support, and anti-phishing filter. With IE7, Internet Explorer has been decoupled from the Windows Shell – unlike previous versions, the Internet Explorer ActiveX control is not hosted in the Windows Explorer process, but rather runs in a separate Internet Explorer process. It is included with Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008, and is available for Windows XP Service Pack 2 and later, and Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1 and later. The original release of Internet Explorer 7 required the computer to pass a Windows Genuine Advantage validation check prior to installing, but on October 5, 2007, Microsoft removed this requirement. As some statistics show, by mid-2008, Internet Explorer 7 market share exceeded that of Internet Explorer 6 in a number of regions. Internet Explorer 8
Main article: Internet Explorer 8
IE 8 reaches 20/100 on the Acid3 test.
Internet Explorer 8 was released on March 19, 2009. It had been in development since August 2007 at the latest. On March 5, 2008, the first public beta (Beta 1) was released to the general public. On August 27, 2008, the second public beta (Beta 2) was released. It is supported in Windows XP SP2 and SP3, Windows Server 2003 SP2, Windows Vista, Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 on both 32-bit as well as 64-bit architectures. Internet Explorer 8 (IE8) RC1 was released on January 26, 2009. Internet Explorer 8 “Final” was released on March 19, 2009. Security, ease of use, and improvements in RSS, CSS, and Ajax support are Microsoft’s priorities for IE8. It includes much stricter compliance with web standards, including a planned full Cascading Style Sheets 2.1 compliance for the release version. All these changes allow Internet Explorer 8 to pass the Acid2 test. However, to prevent compatibility issues, IE8 also includes the IE7 rendering behavior. Sites that expect IE7 quirks can disable IE8′s breaking changes by including a meta element in the HEAD section of the HTML document. IE8 also includes numerous improvements to JavaScript support as well as performance improvements, although it still does not pass the Acid3 test, with version 8.0 scoring 20/100. It includes support for Accelerators – which allow supported web applications to be invoked without explicitly navigating to them – and WebSlices – which allows portions of page to be subscribed to and monitored from a redesigned Favorites Bar. Other features include InPrivate privacy features, and SmartScreen phishing filter. Internet Explorer 9
Internet Explorer 9, currently in development, has complete or nearly complete support for all CSS 3 selectors, border-radius CSS 3 property, faster JavaScript, and hardware accelerated rendering using Direct2D and DirectWrite. During the October 2009 Typ09 conference, Microsoft was reported as saying that it was ‘considering’ supporting WOFF in Internet Explorer 9. WOFF is “a strong favourite” for standardization by the W3C Web Fonts Working Group. Microsoft has continued to downplay the importance of passing the Acid3 test, but speculation that IE 9 would support the SVG W3C recommendation were ignited when Microsoft announced they had joined the SVG Working Group. Current builds of IE 9 score 32/100, up from 20/100 for Internet Explorer 8. Features
Internet Explorer has been designed to view a broad range of web pages and to provide certain features within the operating system, including Microsoft Update. During the heyday of the browser wars, Internet Explorer superseded Netscape only when it caught up technologically to support the progressive features of the time.
Standards support
Internet Explorer, using the Trident layout engine:
supports HTML 4.01, CSS Level 1, XML 1.0 and DOM Level 1, with minor implementation gaps.
fully supports XSLT 1.0 as well as an obsolete Microsoft dialect of XSLT often referred to as WD-xsl, which was loosely based on the December 1998 W3C Working Draft of XSL. Support for XSLT 2.0 lies in the future: semi-official Microsoft bloggers have indicated that development is underway, but no dates have been announced.
partially supports CSS Level 2 and DOM Level 2, with major implementation gaps and conformance issues. Almost full conformance to CSS 2.1 has been added in the Internet Explorer 8 release.
does not support XHTML, though it can render XHTML documents authored with HTML compatibility principles and served with a text/html MIME-type.
does not support SVG, in any version but will in Version 9.
Internet Explorer uses DOCTYPE sniffing to choose between standards mode and a “quirks mode” in which it deliberately mimicks nonstandard behaviors of old versions of MSIE for HTML and CSS rendering on screen (Internet Explorer always uses standards mode for printing). It also provides its own dialect of ECMAScript called JScript.
Internet Explorer has been subjected to criticism over its limited support for open web standards.
Non-standard extensions
Internet Explorer has introduced an array of proprietary extensions to many of the standards, including HTML, CSS and the DOM. This has resulted in a number of web pages that appear broken in standards-compliant web browsers and has introduced the need for a “quirks mode” to allow for rendering improper elements meant for Internet Explorer in these other browsers.
Internet Explorer has introduced a number of extensions to JScript which have been adopted by other browsers. These include the innerHTML property, which returns the HTML string within an element; the XMLHttpRequest object, which allows the sending of HTTP request and receiving of HTTP response; and the designMode attribute of the contentDocument object, which enables rich text editing of HTML documents. Some of these functionalities were not possible until the introduction of the W3C DOM methods. Its Ruby character extension to HTML is also accepted as a module in W3C XHTML 1.1, though it is not found in all versions of W3C HTML.
Microsoft submitted several other features of IE for consideration by the W3C for standardization. These include the ‘behavior’ CSS property, which connects the HTML elements with JScript behaviors (known as HTML Components, HTC); HTML+TIME profile, which adds timing and media synchronization support to HTML documents (similar to the W3C XHTML+SMIL); and the VML vector graphics file format. However, all were rejected, at least in their original forms. VML was, however, subsequently combined with PGML (proposed by Adobe and Sun), resulting in the W3C-approved SVG format, currently one of the few vector image formats being used on the web, and which IE is now virtually unique in not supporting.
Other non-standard behaviors include: support for vertical text, but in a syntax different from W3C CSS3 candidate recommendation; Support for a variety of image effects and page transitions, which are not found in W3C CSS; Support for obfuscated script code, in particular JScript.Encode(). Support for embedding EOT fonts in web pages.
Favicon
The favicon (short for “favorites icon”) introduced by Internet Explorer is now also supported and extended in other browsers. It allows web pages to specify a 16-by-16 pixel image for use in bookmarks. In IE, support was, and still is, provided only for the native Windows ICO format; in other browsers it has now been extended to other types of images such as PNG and GIF.
Usability and accessibility
Organizing Favorites in Internet Explorer 6
The “quick tabs” feature available in Internet Explorer 8
Internet Explorer makes use of the accessibility framework provided in Windows. Internet Explorer is also a user interface for FTP, with operations similar to that of Windows Explorer (although this feature requires a shell window to be opened in recent versions of the browser, rather than natively within the browser). Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) is not supported, but available via extension (iMacros). Recent versions feature pop-up blocking and tabbed browsing. Tabbed browsing can also be added to older versions by installing Microsoft’s MSN Search Toolbar or Yahoo’s Yahoo Toolbar.
Cache
Main articles: Temporary Internet Files and Index.dat
Internet Explorer caches visited content in the Temporary Internet Files folder to allow quicker access (or offline access) to previously visited pages. The content is indexed in a database file, known as Index.dat. Multiple Index.dat files exist which index different content – visited content, web feeds, visited URLs, cookies etc.
Prior to IE7, clearing the cache used to clear the index but the files themselves were not reliably removed, posing a potential security and privacy risk. In IE7 and later, when the cache is cleared, the cache files are more reliably removed, and the index.dat file is overwritten with null bytes.
Group Policy
Main article: Group Policy
Internet Explorer is fully configurable using Group Policy. Administrators of Windows Server domains can apply and enforce a variety of settings that affect the user interface (such as disabling menu items and individual configuration options), as well as underlying security features such as downloading of files, zone configuration, per-site settings, ActiveX control behavior and others. Policy settings can be configured for each user and for each machine. Internet Explorer also supports Integrated Windows Authentication. Architecture
The architecture of IE8. Previous versions had a similar architecture, except that both tabs and the UI were within the same process. Consequently, each browser window could have only one “tab process”.
Internet Explorer uses a componentized architecture built around the Component Object Model (COM) technology. It is made up of five major components, each of which is contained in a separate .dll and exposes a set of COM interfaces that enables it to be hosted by the Internet Explorer main executable, iexplore.exe:
WinInet.dll
WinInet.dll is the protocol handler for HTTP, HTTPS and FTP. It handles all network communication over these protocols.
URLMon.dll
URLMon.dll is responsible for MIME-type handling and download of web content, and provides a thread-safe wrapper around WinInet.dll and other protocol implementations.
MSHTML.dll
MSHTML.dll houses the Trident rendering engine introduced in Internet Explorer 4, which is responsible for displaying the pages on-screen and handling the Document Object Model of the web pages. MSHTML.dll parses the HTML/CSS file and creates the internal DOM tree representation of it. It also exposes a set of APIs for runtime inspection and modification of the DOM tree. The DOM tree is further processed by a layout engine which then renders the internal representation on screen.
IEFrame.dll
IEFrame.dll contains the user interface and window of IE in Internet Explorer 7 and above.
ShDocVw.dll
ShDocVw.dll provides the navigation, local caching and history functionalities for the browser.
BrowseUI.dll
BrowseUI.dll is responsible for the browser user interface, including the browser chrome, which houses all the menus and toolbars.
Internet Explorer does not include any scripting functionality natively. Rather MSHTML.dll exposes another set of APIs that allow any scripting environment to be plugged-in and access the DOM tree. Internet Explorer 8 includes the bindings for the Active Scripting engine (which is a part of Microsoft Windows) is provided, which allows any language implemented as an Active Scripting module to be used for client-side scripting. By default, only the JScript and VBScript modules are provided; third party implementations like ScreamingMonkey (for ECMAScript 4 support) can also be used. Microsoft also makes available the Microsoft Silverlight runtime that allows CLI languages, including DLR-based dynamic languages like IronPython and IronRuby, to be used for client-side scripting.
Internet Explorer 8 introduces some major architectural changes, called Loosely Coupled IE (LCIE). LCIE separates the main window process (frame process) from the processes hosting the different web applications in different tabs (tab processes). A frame process can create multiple tab processes, each of which can be of a different integrity level; each tab process can host multiple web sites. The processes use asynchronous Inter-Process Communication to synchronize themselves. Generally, there will be a single frame process for all web sites. In Windows Vista with Protected Mode turned on, however, opening privileged content (such as local HTML pages) will create a new tab process as it will not be constrained by Protected Mode. Extensibility
Internet Explorer exposes a set of Component Object Model (COM) interfaces that allow other components to extend the functionality of the browser. Extensibility is divided into two types: Browser extensibility and Content extensibility. The browser extensibility interfaces can be used to plug in components to add context menu entries, toolbars, menu items or Browser Helper Objects (BHO). BHOs are used to extend the feature set of the browser, whereas the other extensibility options are used to expose the feature in the UI. Content extensibility interfaces are used by different content-type handlers to add support for non-native content formats. BHOs not only have unrestricted access to the Internet Explorer DOM and event model, they also can access the filesystem, registry and other OS components. Content extensibility can be either in terms of Active Documents (Doc Objects) (e.g., SVG or MathML) or ActiveX controls. ActiveX controls are used for content handlers that render content embedded within an HTML page (e.g., Adobe Flash or Microsoft Silverlight). Doc objects are used when the content type won’t be embedded in HTML (e.g., Microsoft Word, PDF or XPS). In fact, the Trident rendering engine is itself exposed as a Doc object, so HTML in itself is treated as an Active Document.
Add-on Manager from Windows XP SP2 Internet Explorer 6 SV1
Internet Explorer add-on components run with the same privileges as the browser itself, unlike client-side scripts that have a very limited set of privileges. Add-ons can be installed either locally, or directly by a web site. Since the add-ons have a more privileged access to the system, malicious add-ons can and have been used to compromise the security of the system. Internet Explorer 6 Service Pack 2 onwards provide various safeguards against this, including an Add-on Manager for controlling ActiveX controls and Browser Helper Objects and a “No Add-Ons” mode of operation as well as greater restrictions on sites installing add-ons.
Internet Explorer itself can be hosted by other applications via a set of COM interfaces. This can be used to embed the browser functionality inside the application. Also, the hosting application can choose to host only the MSHTML.dll rendering engine, rather than the entire browser.
See also: Component Object Model and Browser Helper Object Security
Internet Explorer uses a zone-based security framework that groups sites based on certain conditions, including whether it is an Internet- or intranet-based site as well as a user-editable whitelist. Security restrictions are applied per zone; all the sites in a zone are subject to the restrictions.
Internet Explorer 6 SP2 onwards uses the Attachment Execution Service of Microsoft Windows to mark executable files downloaded from the Internet as being potentially unsafe. Accessing files marked as such will prompt the user to make an explicit trust decision to execute the file, as executables originating from the Internet can be potentially unsafe. This helps in preventing accidental installation of malware.
Internet Explorer 7 introduced the phishing filter, that restricts access to phishing sites unless the user overrides the decision. With version 8, it also blocks access to sites known to host malware. Downloads are also checked to see if they are known to be malware-infected.
In Windows Vista, Internet Explorer by default runs in what is called Protected Mode, where the privileges of the browser itself are severely restricted – it cannot make any system-wide changes. One can optionally turn this mode off but this is not recommended. This also effectively restricts the privileges of any add-ons. As a result, even if the browser or any add-on is compromised, the damage the security breach can cause is limited.
Patches and updates to the browser are released periodically and made available through the Windows Update service, as well as through Automatic Updates. Although security patches continue to be released for a range of platforms, most feature additions and security infrastructure improvements are only made available on operating systems which are in Microsoft’s mainstream support phase.
On December 16, 2008, Trend Micro recommended users switch to rival browsers until an emergency IE patch was released to fix a potential security risk which “could allow outside users to take control of a person’s computer and steal their passwords”. Microsoft representatives countered this recommendation, claiming that “0.02% of internet sites” were affected by the flaw.
On December 17, 2008, a fix to the security problem above became available, with the release of the Security Update for Internet Explorer KB960714, which is available from Microsoft Windows Update’s webpage. Microsoft has said that this update fixes the security risk found by Trend Micro the previous day. Security vulnerabilities
See also: Comparison of web browsers#Vulnerabilities
Internet Explorer has been subjected to many security vulnerabilities and concerns: Much of the spyware, adware, and computer viruses across the Internet are made possible by exploitable bugs and flaws in the security architecture of Internet Explorer, sometimes requiring nothing more than viewing of a malicious web page in order to install themselves. This is known as a “drive-by install”. There are also attempts to trick the user into installing malicious software by misrepresenting the software’s true purpose in the description section of an ActiveX security alert.
A number of security flaws affecting IE originated not in the browser itself, but ActiveX-based add-ons used by it. Because the add-ons have the same privilege as IE, the flaws can be as critical as browser flaws. This has led to the ActiveX-based architecture being criticized for being fault-prone. By 2005, some experts maintained that the dangers of ActiveX have been overstated and there were safeguards in place. In 2006, new techniques using automated testing found more than a hundred vulnerabilities in standard Microsoft ActiveX components. Security features introduced in then recently released Internet Explorer 7 mitigated some of these vulnerabilities.
Internet Explorer in 2008 had a number of published security vulnerabilities. According to research done by security research firm Secunia, Microsoft did not respond as quickly as its competitors in fixing security holes and making patches available. The firm also reported 366 vulnerabilities in ActiveX controls, an increase from the prior year.
According to the latest information, Secunia reports that IE6 has 24 known unpatched vulnerabilities, IE7 has 11, and IE8 has 4. The most severe unpatched Secunia advisories affecting Microsoft Internet Explorer 6.x, 7.x, and 8.x with all vendor patches applied, are all rated Extremely critical. The oldest known unpatched vulnerabilities for IE6, IE7, and IE8 date from November 7, 2003, June 6, 2006, and February 26, 2007 respectively.
According to the latest information, security research firm SecurityFocus reports that IE6 has 396 known unpatched vulnerabilities, IE7 has 22, and IE8 has 25. The oldest known unpatched vulnerabilities for IE6, IE7, and IE8 date from November 20, 2000, May 17, 2007, and April 11, 2009 respectively. New Internet Explorer hole exploited in attacks on U.S. firms
Main article: Operation Aurora
In an advisory on January 14, 2010 Microsoft said that attackers targeting Google and other U.S. companies used software that exploits a hole in Internet Explorer. The vulnerability affects Internet Explorer 6, IE 7, and IE 8 on Windows 7, Vista, Windows XP, Server 2003, Server 2008 R2, as well as IE 6 Service Pack 1 on Windows 2000 Service Pack 4.
The German government warned users against using Internet Explorer and recommended switching to an alternative web browser, due to the major security hole described above that was exploited in Internet Explorer. The Australian and French Government issued a similar warning a few days later, The first browser they recommended was Mozilla Firefox, followed by Google Chrome. The German, Australian and French governments consider all versions of Internet Explorer vulnerable or potentially vulnerable. The British Government has declined to echo these calls. Market adoption and usage share
The usage share of web browsers.
Source: Median values from summary table.      Internet Explorer (58.69%; Usage by version number)      Mozilla Firefox (28.04%; Usage by version number)      Google Chrome (5.63%)      Safari (4.97%)      Opera (2.05%)      Other (1.32%)
See also: Usage share of web browsers
The adoption rate of Internet Explorer seems to be closely related to that of Microsoft Windows, as it is the default web browser that comes with Windows. Since the integration of Internet Explorer 2.0 with Windows 95 OSR 1 in 1996, and especially after version 4.0′s release, the adoption was greatly accelerated: from below 20% in 1996 to about 40% in 1998 and over 80% in 2000.
A CNN article noted at the release of Internet Explorer 4: “Microsoft’s Internet Explorer has made inroads and various estimates put its share of the browser market 30 to 35 percent from about 10 percent a year ago.” By 2002, Internet Explorer had almost completely superseded its main rival Netscape and dominated the market with up to 95 percent market share.
After having fought and won the browser wars of the late 1990s, Internet Explorer gained almost total dominance of the browser market. Having attained a peak of about 95% during 2002 and 2003, its market share has since declined at a slow but steady pace. This is mainly due to the adoption of Mozilla Firefox, which statistics indicate is currently the most significant competition. Nevertheless, Internet Explorer remains the dominant web browser, with a global usage share of around 60% (though measurements vary). Usage is higher in Asia and lower in Europe.
Firefox 1.0 had surpassed Internet Explorer 5 in early 2005 with Firefox 1.0 at roughly 8 percent market share. An article notes at the release of Internet Explorer 7 in October 2006 that “IE6 had the lion’s share of the browser market with 77.22%. Internet Explorer 7 had climbed to 3.18%, while Firefox 2.0 was at 0.69%.”
IE market share overview
According to Net Applications data February 2010
Browser
As % of IE
As % of All Browsers
Internet Explorer 8-
Compatibility Mode
5.89%
3.63%
Internet Explorer 6
34.39%
21.18%
Internet Explorer 7
22.91%
14.11%
Internet Explorer 8
36.70%
22.60%
Other
0.10%
0.06%
All variants
100%
61.58%
^ Other mostly consists of an unnumbered IE version
and IE versions 5.0 and 5.5.
^ Includes Maxthon, Tencent Traveler, and TheWorld
Editions.
This box: view  talk  edit
Internet Explorer 7 was released at the same time as Firefox 2.0, and overtook Firefox 1.x by November 2006, at roughly 9% market share. Firefox 2.0 had overtaken 1.x by January 2007,, but IE7 did not surpass IE6 until December 2007. By January 2008, their respective version market share stood at 43% IE7, 32% IE6, 16% FF2, 4% Safari 3 and both FF1.x and IE5 versions at less than half a percent.
Approximate usage over time based on various usage share counters averaged for the year overall, or for the fourth quarter, or for the last month in the year depending on availability of reference. Market share history overview by year and version
Approximate usage over time based on various usage share counters averaged for the year overall, or for the fourth quarter, or for the last month in the year depending on availability of reference.
Total
IE8
IE7
IE6
IE5
IE4
IE3
IE2
IE1
2009
sm=n 66.92% sm=n 10.4% sm=n 26.1% sm=n 27.4% sm=n 0.08% sm=n 0%
sm=n 0%
sm=n 0%
sm=n 0%
2008
sm=n 72.65% sm=n 0.34% sm=n 46.06% sm=n 26.2% sm=n 0.15% sm=n 0.01% sm=n 0%
sm=n 0%
sm=n 0%
2007
sm=n 78.6% sm=n -
sm=n 45.5% sm=n 32.64% sm=n 0.45% sm=n 0.01% sm=n 0%
sm=n 0%
sm=n 0%
2006
sm=n 83.3% sm=n -
sm=n 3.49% sm=n 78.08% sm=n 1.42% sm=n 0.02% sm=n 0%
sm=n 0%
sm=n 0%
2005
sm=n 87.12% sm=n -
sm=n -
sm=n 82.71% sm=n 4.35% sm=n 0.06% sm=n 0%
sm=n 0%
sm=n 0%
2004
sm=n 91.27% sm=n -
sm=n -
sm=n 83.39% sm=n 7.77% sm=n 0.1% sm=n 0%
sm=n 0%
sm=n 0%
2003
sm=n 94.43% sm=n -
sm=n -
sm=n 59% sm=n 34% sm=n 1% sm=n 0%
sm=n 0%
sm=n 0%
2002
sm=n 93.94% sm=n -
sm=n -
sm=n 50% sm=n 41% sm=n 1% sm=n 0%
sm=n 0%
sm=n 0%
2001
sm=n 90.83% sm=n -
sm=n -
sm=n 19% sm=n 68% sm=n 5% sm=n 0%
sm=n 0%
sm=n 0%
2000
sm=n 83.95% sm=n -
sm=n -
sm=n -
sm=n 71% sm=n 13% sm=n 0%
sm=n 0%
sm=n 0%
1999
sm=n 75.31% sm=n -
sm=n -
sm=n -
sm=n 41% sm=n 36% sm=n 1%
sm=n 0%
sm=n 0%
1998
sm=n 45% sm=n -
sm=n -
sm=n -
sm=n -
sm=n ? sm=n ?
sm=n ?
sm=n ?
1997
sm=n 39.4% sm=n -
sm=n -
sm=n -
sm=n -
sm=n ? sm=n ?
sm=n ?
sm=n ?
1996
sm=n 20% sm=n -
sm=n -
sm=n -
sm=n -
sm=n -
sm=n ?
sm=n ?
sm=n ?
1995
sm=n 2.9% sm=n -
sm=n -
sm=n -
sm=n -
sm=n -
sm=n -
sm=n ?
sm=n ? Industry adoption
The ActiveX extension mechanism is used by many public websites and web applications, including eBay. Similarly, Browser Helper Objects are also used by many search engine companies and third parties for creating add-ons that access their services, such as search engine toolbars. Because of the use of COM, it is possible to embed web-browsing functionality in third-party applications. Hence, there are a number of Internet Explorer shells, and a number of content-centric applications like RealPlayer also use Internet Explorer’s web browsing module for viewing web pages within the applications. OS compatibility
IE versions, over time, have had widely varying OS compatibility, ranging from being available for many platforms and several versions of Windows to only a few versions of Windows. Many versions of IE had some support for an older OS but stopped getting updates. The increased growth of the Internet in the 1990s and 2000s means that current browsers with small market shares have more total users than the entire market early on. For example, 90% market share in 1997 would be roughly 60 million users, but by the start of 2007 90% market share would equate to over 900 million users. The result is that later versions of IE6 had many more users in total than all the early versions put together.
The release of IE7 at the end of 2006 resulted in a collapse of IE6 market share; by February 2007 market version share statistics showed IE6 at about 50% and IE7 at 29%. Regardless of the actual market share, the most compatible version (across operating systems) of IE was 5.x, which had Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X, Unix, and most Windows versions available and supported for a short period in the late 1990s (although 4.x had a more unified codebase across versions) By 2007, IE had much narrower OS support, with the latest versions supporting only Windows XP Service Pack 2 and above. Internet Explorer 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, and 7.0 (Experimental) have also been unofficially ported to the Linux operating system from the project IEs4Linux.
Years
Layout engine
Microsoft Windows
IBM OS/2
Apple Mac OS
Unix (HP-UX, Solaris) 7, WS 08 R2
Vista, WS 08
WS 03
XP
Me
2000
98
NT 4.0
95
3.1/NT 3.x
X
PPC
9
PPC
8
PPC/68k
7
PPC/68k
Years
-
-
2009
2006
2003
2001
2000
2000
1998
1996
1995
1992
1988
2001
1999
1997
1991
(1990s)
IE 8
2008-
Trident 4.0
Included
Yes
Yes with SP2
Yes with SP2/3
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
IE 7
2006-
Trident
No
Included
Yes with SP1/2
Yes with SP2/3&
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
IE 6
2001
Trident
No
No $
Included
Included
Yes
6.0 SP1
Yes
6.0 SP1
Yes
6.0 SP1
Yes
6.0 SP1
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
IE 5.5
2000
Trident
No
No
No
No***
Included
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
IE 5.0
1999
Trident (Win)
Tasman (Mac)
No
No
No
No***
No
Included
5.01
Included
with 98 SE
Yes
Yes
Yes
?
Yes
5.2.3 Included
Yes
5.1.7 Included
Yes
5.1.7
No
Dropped
5.01 SP1
IE 4.0
1997
Trident
No
No
No
No***
No
No
Included
Included**
Yes
No
Included
Included
Yes
Yes
IE 3.0
1996
-
No
No ***
No
No***
No
No ***
No
Yes
Included**
Yes
Win 3.1 version
No
No
Included
Yes
Beta
IE 2.0
1995
-
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Included
Included**
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
IE 1.5
1996
Spyglass
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
IE 1.0
1995
Spyglass
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Non-free
Plus!
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
* Internet Explorer 6 SP2 is only available as part of Windows XP SP2 or Windows Server 2003 SP1 or SP2.
** The version of Internet Explorer included with Windows 95 varied by OSR release; 2.0 was included with OSR1, 3.0 was included with OSR2, and 4.0 was included with OSR2.5.
*** No native support, but possible with third-party “Standalone” installer.
& Final version of Windows XP Service Pack 3 does not include IE7.
$ No native support, but possible with third party Standalone installer of IE6 Alpha. See also Internet Explorer Mobile. Non-desktop versions of IE have supported Windows CE also. “Standalone” Internet Explorer
Early versions of Internet Explorer such as 5 had a compatibility mode to run Internet Explorer 4, though this feature was dropped (also, Internet Explorer for Mac users could still use 4.5 after installing IE 5). While Microsoft claims it is impossible to keep multiple versions of Internet Explorer on the same machine, some hackers have successfully separated several versions of Internet Explorer, making them standalone applications. These are referred to as “standalone” IEs and have included versions 3 through 7.
Multiple IEs in Windows Web Design The web developer Joe Maddalone who found the solution.
Xenocode Browser Sandbox Xenocode application virtualization.
Microsoft has discontinued standalone installers for Internet Explorer to the general public. However, there are unofficial procedures for downloading the complete install package. Internet Explorer standalone uses a feature introduced in Windows 2000 called DLL redirection to force it to load older DLLs than the ones installed on the system.
IE Collection. An installer for the standalone versions of IE8.0, IE7.0, IE6.0, IE5.51, IE5.01, IE4.01, IE3.0, IE2.01, IE1.5, and IE1.0.
Microsoft Support document, with instructions for downloading the entire set of installation files.
Internet Explorer 6 running on Linux in Wine.
It is also possible to install Internet Explorer via Wine.
IEs4Linux automatically sets up Internet Explorer 5.0, 5.5, and 6.0 in Wine. Supporting Internet Explorer 7 is currently in development; as of August 2007, the IE7 rendering engine can be used with the IE6 user interface.
After Internet Explorer 7 is installed, an Internet Explorer 6 executable is still available in C:WINDOWSie7, hidden by default. Launching this executable provides the user with the older IE6 interface, however web pages are rendered using the IE7 engine. The IE6 engine can be re-enabled by placing a file named “iexplore.exe.local” into the IE7 folder.
As an alternative to using IE standalone, Microsoft now makes available Microsoft Virtual PC images containing pre-activated copies of Windows XP with either IE 6 or IE 7 installed. Microsoft recommends this approach for web developers seeking to test their pages in the different versions of IE as the standalone versions are unsupported and may not work the same way as a properly installed copy of IE. Removal
Main article: Removal of Internet Explorer
While a major upgrade of Internet Explorer can be uninstalled in a traditional way if the user has saved the original application files for installation, the matter of uninstalling the version of the browser that has shipped with an operating system remains a controversial one.
The idea of removing a stock install of Internet Explorer from a Windows system was proposed during the United States v. Microsoft case. One of Microsoft’s arguments during the trial was that removing Internet Explorer from Windows may result in system instability.
Removing Internet Explorer does have a number of consequences. Applications that depend on libraries installed by IE will fail to function, or have unexpected behaviors. The Windows help and support system will also not function due to the heavy reliance on HTML help files and components of IE. In versions of Windows before Vista, it is also not possible to run Microsoft’s Windows Update or Microsoft Update with any other browser due to the service’s implementation of an ActiveX control, which no other browser supports. In Windows Vista, Windows Update is implemented as a Control Panel applet.
With Windows 7, Microsoft added the ability to safely remove Internet Explorer 8 from Windows. Microsoft does not allow the dependencies to be removed through this process, but the Internet Explorer executable (iexplore.exe) is removed without harming any other Windows components. See also
Microsoft portal
Mozilla Firefox
Google Chrome
Safari
Opera
List of feed aggregators
Comparison of feed aggregators
Comparison of web browsers References
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^ http://support.microsoft.com/kb/197311/EN-US/ KB197311
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^ SV1 stands for “Security Version 1″, referring to the set of security enhancements made for that release . This version of Internet Explorer is more popularly known as IE6 SP2, given that it is included with Windows XP Service Pack 2, but this can lead to confusion when discussing Windows Server 2003, which includes the same functionality in the SP1 update to that operating system.
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^ Internet Explorer 8
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^ Si Daniels from Microsoft just announced that they’re “considering” WOFF and raw font support in IE9, TypeKit on Twitter, published 2009-10-29
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^ Using Script Encoder; Published on May 12, 2005
^ Font Embedding for the Web
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^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2010/jan/18/uk-internet-explorer-china-google
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^ Market share for browsers, operating systems and search engines
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^ Market share for browsers, operating systems and search engines
^ Market share for browsers, operating systems and search engines
^ Market share for browsers, operating systems and search engines
^ Market share for browsers, operating systems and search engines
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^ “Internet Explorer Application Compatibility VPC Image”. http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyId=21EABB90-958F-4B64-B5F1-73D0A413C8EF&displaylang=en.
^ “IE6 and IE7 Running on a Single Machine”. http://blogs.msdn.com/ie/archive/2006/11/30/ie6-and-ie7-running-on-a-single-machine.aspx.
^ “Multiple IEs on one machine”. http://blogs.msdn.com/cwilso/archive/2006/02/01/522281.aspx.
^ Zadegan, Bryant (2009-03-03). “Internet Explorer 8 can be removed from Windows 7″. AeroXperience. http://www.aeroxp.org/2009/03/ie8-functionally-removable/. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
“Microsoft Windows Family Home Page”. Windows History: Internet Explorer History. http://www.microsoft.com/windows/WinHistoryIE.mspx. Retrieved May 12, 2005.
“Index DOT Html and Index DOT Css”. Browser History: Windows Internet Explorer. http://www.blooberry.com/indexdot/history/ie.htm. Retrieved May 12, 2005.
“Microsoft Windows Family Home Page”. Windows History: Internet Explorer History. http://www.microsoft.com/windows/WinHistoryIE.mspx. Retrieved May 12, 2005.
“Microsoft Knowledge Base”. How to determine which version of Internet Explorer is installed. http://support.microsoft.com/?kbid=164539. Retrieved November 6, 2005.
“Index DOT Html and Index DOT Css”. Browser History: Windows Internet Explorer. http://www.blooberry.com/indexdot/history/ie.htm. Retrieved May 12, 2005.
“IEBlog”. Windows Vista & IE7 Beta 1 Available. http://blogs.msdn.com/ie/archive/2005/07/27/444004.aspx. Retrieved July 27, 2005.
“IEBlog”. Standards and CSS in IE. http://blogs.msdn.com/ie/archive/2005/07/29/445242.aspx. Retrieved July 29, 2005.
“IEBlog”. IE7 Is Coming This Month. http://blogs.msdn.com/ie/archive/2006/10/06/IE7-Is-Coming-This-Month_2E002E002E00_Are-you-Ready_3F00_.aspx. Retrieved October 9, 2006.
“IEBlog”. IE7 Platforms And Outlook Express. http://blogs.msdn.com/ie/archive/2005/02/28/382054.aspx. Retrieved May 12, 2005.
“Microsoft Press Pass”. RSA Conference 2005 – Gates Highlights Progress on Security, Outlines Next Steps for Continued Innovation. http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2005/feb05/02-15RSA05KeynotePR.asp. Retrieved May 12, 2005. External links
Wikinews has related news: France, Germany officials warn against using Internet Explorer
Internet Explorer: Home Page
IEBlog – MSDN Blogs The weblog of the Internet Explorer team
Internet Explorer Architecture
Internet Explorer Community The official Microsoft Internet Explorer Community
Internet Explorer History
IE Leak Patterns Microsoft’s analysis of IE’s memory leak problem.
How the web was almost won Just how close did we come to a Net ruled by Microsoft? The “server wars” show a grim counterpart to the browser wars.
v  d  e
Windows Internet Explorer
Versions
Released
Version 1 Version 2 Version 3 Version 4 Version 5 Version 6 Version 7 Version 8
Pocket Mobile for Mac for UNIX IEs4Linux Version Overview
Upcoming
Version 9
Overview
History Removal Easter eggs Box model Add-ins Browser Helper Object (BHO) Extensions Shells
Technologies
Tasman Trident MSXML RSS Platform Smart tags JScript DHTML (HTA HTML Components) Vector Markup Language MHTML HTML+TIME XMLHttpRequest/XDomainRequest ActiveX Web Proxy Autodiscovery Protocol Temporary Internet Files Index.dat favicon.ico Web Slice
Software
Administration Kit Developer Toolbar Integrated Windows Authentication
Implementations
Outlook Express Internet Mail and News Comic Chat/Chat 2.0 NetMeeting NetShow ActiveMovie DirectX Media Windows Address Book Windows Desktop Update Active Desktop Active Channel Channel Definition Format (.cdf) Microsoft Java Virtual Machine (MSJVM) Server Gated Cryptography (SGC) MSN Explorer MSN for Mac OS X Spyglass
Events
First browser war United States v. Microsoft Sun v. Microsoft Download.ject Eolas v. Microsoft Second browser war
People
Scott Isaacs Tantek elik
Web browsers (Timeline comparison usage list)
v  d  e
Microsoft Windows components
Core
Aero AutoPlay AutoRun ClearType Desktop Window Manager DirectX Explorer Taskbar Start menu Shell (Shell extensions namespace Special Folders File associations) Search (Saved search IFilter) Graphics Device Interface Imaging Format .NET Framework Server Message Block XML Paper Specification Active Scripting (WSH VBScript JScript) COM (OLE OLE Automation DCOM ActiveX ActiveX Document COM Structured storage Transaction Server) Previous Versions Win32 console
Management
tools
Backup and Restore Center cmd.exe Control Panel (Applets) Device Manager Disk Cleanup Disk Defragmenter Driver Verifier Event Viewer Management Console Netsh Problem Reports and Solutions Sysprep System Policy Editor System Configuration Task Manager System File Checker System Restore WMI Windows Installer PowerShell Windows Update WAIK WinSAT Windows Easy Transfer
Applications
Calculator Calendar Character Map Contacts DVD Maker Fax and Scan Internet Explorer Journal Mail Magnifier Media Center Media Player Meeting Space Mobile Device Center Mobility Center Movie Maker Narrator Notepad Paint Photo Gallery Private Character Editor Remote Assistance Windows Desktop Gadgets Snipping Tool Sound Recorder Speech Recognition WordPad
Games
Chess Titans FreeCell Hearts Hold ‘Em InkBall Mahjong Titans Minesweeper Pinball Purble Place Solitaire Spider Solitaire Tinker
Kernel
Ntoskrnl.exe hal.dll System Idle Process Svchost.exe Registry Windows service Service Control Manager DLL EXE NTLDR / Boot Manager Winlogon Recovery Console I/O WinRE WinPE Kernel Patch Protection
Services
BITS Task Scheduler Wireless Zero Configuration Shadow Copy Error Reporting Multimedia Class Scheduler CLFS
File systems
NTFS (Hard link Junction point Mount Point Reparse point Symbolic link TxF EFS) FAT32FAT16FAT12 exFAT CDFS UDF DFS IFS
Server
Domains Active Directory DNS Group Policy Roaming user profiles…
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