Radio Controlled Fuel Aircraft
Radio Controlled Fuel Aircraft
Civil Aviation – What does ‘heavy’ mean in radio communication?
When civil aircraft communicate with air traffic control what does “heavy” mean?
I’ve been watching ‘Air Crash Investigation’ on Discovery Channel and a plane identifies itself as “Transat 236 Heavy”. I’ve heard this ‘heavy’ suffix a few times on similar programs.
Can any pilots out there tell me what this means? Does this mean that the aircraft is full of passengers, full of fuel or what?
Wilkes
Heavy aircraft refers to aircraft CAPABLE of takeoff weights of more than 255,000 pounds. They could be full of anything. They are refered to as heavy due to the massive wake turbulence they generate affecting other aircraft. I am an air traffic controller and my quote came out of the 7110.65 order air traffic control manual. If you would like to view the exact reference go to www.faa.gov/atpubs and look up aircraft classes in the glossary.
Nitro to brushless electric converted RC Plane on Epic LT 120 Aircraft!
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Hobbico Nexstar R/C Trainer Airplane w/Flight Simulator $417.09 The Hobbico NexSTAR Select RTF (Ready-to-Fly) .46 Trainer is much more than an airplane. Light-years ahead of any ready-to-fly trainer you ve ever seen, the NexSTAR is an exciting preview of what future trainers will be. It offers the assembly ease and all-in-one completeness that RTFs already include, but goes far beyond to provide an unprecedented range of pilot aids designed and engineered to s… |
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Fuel Tank Round,2oz $2.83 Sullivan is the world s leader in the number of the shapes, sizes and styles of its fuel tanks. From the smallest 1 ounce (30 ml) tank to the extra large 32 ounce (960 ml) tank, there is a Sullivan tank to fit almost any model. All tank kits include the hardware needed for glow fuel operation, including twist-tie clamps and both brass and nylon tubing…. |
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Fuel Tank Slant,16oz $4.15 Molded from rigid high density polyethylene. This tank kit includes the hardware needed for glow fuel operation, including twist-tie clamps and both brass and nylon tubing. With the Gasoline Conversion Kit, this fuel tank may be used with gasoline or diesel fuel…. |
Radio Controlled Jet Engines
Radio Controlled Jet Engines
Radio-controlled helicopter
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Nitro-powered Thunder Tiger Raptor 60
Electric-powered Venom Air Corps Ocean Rescue
Electric-powered Align T-rex 450SE
This Heli-Max Axe Micro CX model helicopter is an example of a micro-sized coaxial model. Note the size comparison with the cellular telephone at right.
Radio Controlled helicopters (also RC helicopters) are model aircraft which are distinct from RC airplanes because of the differences in construction, aerodynamics, and flight training. Several basic designs of RC helicopters exist, some more maneuverable than others (such as helicopters with collective pitch). The more maneuverable designs are often harder to fly, but benefit from greater aerobatic capabilities.
Flight controls allow pilots to control the collective and throttle (usually linked together), the cyclic controls (pitch and roll), and the tail rotor (yaw). Controlling these in unison enables the helicopter to perform most of the maneuvers an aeroplane can do, and many that aeroplanes cannot, such as hovering and backwards flight; in this manner, they are quite similar in operation to full-sized helicopters.
The various helicopter controls are affected by means of small servo motors. A piezoelectric gyroscope is typically used on the tail rotor (yaw) control to counter wind- and torque-reaction-induced tail movement. This “gyro” does not apply a mechanical force, but rather, electronically adjusts the control signal to the tail rotor servo.
The engines used are typically methanol-powered two-stroke motors, but gasoline, jet turbine and increasingly electric brushless motors combined with a high-performance lithium polymer battery are also used.
Types of R/C helicopters
Power sources include:
Nitro (nitromethane-methanol internal combustion)
Electric
Gas turbine
Petrol / gasoline
Mechanical layouts include:
CCPM in all power sources
Fixed-pitch electric
Coaxial electric
Nitro helicopters are currently more common than electric helicopters. Practical electric helicopters are a relatively recent development and are rapidly developing and becoming more common. Gas-turbine helicopters are also increasing in popularity, although the high cost puts them out of reach of most people.
Nitro
Nitro helicopters come in different sizes: 15, 30, 50, 60 and 90 size. These numbers originated from the size of nitro engine used in the different models (0.30 cu in, 0.50 cu in and so on). The bigger and more powerful the engine, the larger the main rotor blade that it can turn and hence the bigger the aircraft overall. Typical flight times for nitro helicopters is 7-14 minutes depending on the engine size and tuning.
Electric
Recent advancements in battery technology are making electric flying more feasible in terms of flying time. Lithium Polymer (LiPo) batteries are able to provide the high current required for high performance aerobatics while still remaining very light. Typical flight times are 4-12 minutes depending on the flying style and battery capacity.
In the past electric helicopters were used mainly indoors due to the small size and lack of fumes. Larger electric helicopters suitable for outdoor flight and advanced aerobatics have become a reality over the last few years and have become very popular. Their quietness has made them very popular for flying sites close to residential areas and in places such as Germany where there are strict noise restrictions. Nitro helicopters have also been converted to electric power by commercial and home made kits.
The smallest remote-controlled production model helicopter made (Guinness World Records 2006) is the Picoo Z sold at many toy stores (although this is infrared controlled, not radio), electronics stores and internet stores, costing about $30 (?15). The next smallest is the Mosquito counter-rotating blade helicopter, which is also a battery-operated R/C helicopter.
Several models are in contention for the title of the smallest non-production remote-controlled helicopter, including the Pixelito family of micro helicopters, the Proxflyer family, and the Micro flying robot.
A recent innovation is that of coaxial electric helicopters like the aforementioned Mosquito. The system’s inherent stability has, in recent years, made it a good candidate for the design of small models for beginner and/or indoor use. Models of this type, as in the case of a full-scale helicopter, eliminate rotational torque and extremely quick control response, both of which are very…(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about promotion gift;porcelain mug, disposable juice cup, . The Rechargeable Battery Heated Stadium Seat Cushion & Bench Warmer products should be show more here!
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RC jet engine
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Big Bird Fly-In Giant RC Airplanes and Jets $9.75 Recorded at the Big Bird Fly-In in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, this all new, professionally shot and edited DVD contains spectacular video of some of the BIGGEST R/C aircraft in the world and interviews with the amazing guys who love to build and fly them. Features both propeller- driven and jet turbine aircraft.DVD Bonus Features include: – Hysterical Big Bird Bloopers! – ?-scale Patriot missile lau… |
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RC Airplane Air Earl Passenger Jet $44.99 BRAND NEW & MINT! This Remote Control Airplane is in mint condition and has never been removed from original package. Fly time: Approx. 15 – 20 minutes per charge. Dimensions: 25″ fuselage; 34″ wingspan… |
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2-Channel RC Super Sonic Radio Control Airplane $23.98 Available in 5 different colors: White, Red, Yellow, Blue, and Green. We reserve the right to select any color randomly when we ship…. |
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PX-16 Storm Engine Mosquito Racing Boat RC 32 Catamaran R/C Jet NQD Ship $50.78 The Brand New STORM ENGINE off shore rc boat fast and furious edition. The STORM ENGINE Rc Boat comes with high performance 390 motors that achieve super fast speeds and great maneuvering capabilities. Comes packed with a 7.2v rechargeable battery and charger! Measuring 30 inches long featuring authentic and stylish detailing, this remote control boat is perfect for pools, ponds, rivers, lakes. Ta… |
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Ducted Fans for Model Jets $20.95 … |
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Model Jet Engines TPNMJE3 $49.95 This is the “Jet Engines” Third Edition Book from Traplet Publications. Author: Thomas Kamps FEATURES: Softcover 106 page book Black and white photos You’ll find great tips on: – How jet engines work – History, prototypes and early jet engines – Components of jet engines – Home-made model jet engine – And much, much more!! INCLUDES: “Jet Engines” Third Edition Book SPECS: Height: 10-5/8″ (27… |
Radio Controlled Helicopters Dvd
Radio Controlled Helicopters Dvd
i got this yes?
What else can i buy i got:
Ps3 80gb usa version
Ps3 60gb version
2 xbox 360 core and 1 xbox 360 premuim
Nintendo wii
Ps2 big version
Ps2 slimline
Xbox Console
Gamecube
Psp slim
Nintendo ds lite
Mini moped
Sony vaio laptop
Asus laptop built in cam
Compaq laptop
Hp laptop
2x Home cinema projector and projector screen
1Hp Computer
1 Dell pc Computer
1 7inch Portable dvd player
1 4inch Portable dvd player
12inch photframe with sound
1 toshiba dvd player
1 alba dvd player
1 mini dvd player i got from china
1 Starview boxs
Cricket tv which you plug into tv
Skateboard tv game you plug in tv
Ipod touch 16gb
Ipod nano 4gb old version
Ipod nano new version 4gb
2 Digitial Portable cordless phone
Tv watch with loud speaker
videoeyewear
5 mobile phone
Am/fm Radio
2X RACING CAR
5 Remote control Helicopter
1 Rc remote control plane
Telescope
Electric fish tank
Bmx bike
5.1 subwoofer and speakers
blueberry pda
3 logitch webcam
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Kasama Rc Helicopter, Manor Farm Heli Club
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Basic RC Helicopter Training Program $19.95 Interested in learning how to fly model helicopters? Get the facts first! Helis present a special challenge that require some important, basic information and diligent practice. This video will save you time, money and effort! The program offers an overview of the fundamentals for setting up and learning to fly remote control model helicopters. If you have little or no experience with r/c h… |
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Air Hogs Pocket Copter R/C Helicopter- Black/Silver $29.98 The world of flight just got bigger with the Air Hogs Pocket Copter the worlds smallest indoor helicopter! Lift off from the palm of your hand and explore any terrain. The plastic body is crash resistant and you will experience super stable flight thanks to builtin Steady Fly Technology. Transform the packaging into a charging carrying case to bring the Pocket Copter wherever you go. Includes… |
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Air Hogs Battling Havoc Heli – Havoc vs Yellow Stinger $84.99 Get ready for one-on-one dogfight action with the Air Hogs R/C Havoc Heli Laser Battle set. Featuring two lightweight remote-control helicopters set to engage in battle, this set is designed to keep kids aged eight and up busy for hours. These Helicopters add action to any indoor play area while inspiring friendly competition and imaginative play. .caption { font-family: Verdana, Helvetica neue… |
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Air Hogs R/C Indoors Radio Control Helicopter Set – An Alien Invasion Havoc Heli Laser Battle Set with 2 Battling Helis with Authentic Battle Sound, Infrared Shooting, 2 Controller Chargers Plus Bonus Comic Book and DVD Havoc Heli is the world’s smallest, most advanced radio-controlled helicopter capable of incredible maneuverability. Laser Battle Helis are armed with infrared beam weapons, so you can duel in a kind of exciting real-world 3D “video game” complete with authentic battle sounds and action! Laser Battle comes complete with two Havoc Helis (each with distinctive markings) and two wireless controllers/… |
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Flying Model Helicopters: From Basics to Competition $11.85 Flying a model helicopter is a challenge and the wise modeller will seek the fullest advice on all he possible variations and hadling techniques before embarking on the difficult but extremely popular branch of aeromodeling. Dave Day helps to minimise the problems…. |
Dynam E-Razor 450 Review
Dynam E-Razor 450 Review
Flag of India
History
India was under British rule in the 19th century. A number of flags with varying designs were used in the period preceding the Indian Independence Movement by the rulers of different princely states; the idea of a single Indian flag was first raised by the British rulers of India after the rebellion of 1857, which resulted in the establishment of direct imperial rule. The first flag, whose design was based on western heraldic standards, was similar to the flags of other British colonies, including Canada and Australia; the blue banner included the Union Flag in the upper-left quadrant and a Star of India capped by the royal crown in the middle of the right half. To address the question of how the star conveyed “Indianness”, Queen Victoria created the Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India to honour services to the empire by her Indian subjects. Subsequently, all the Indian states received flags with symbols based on the heraldic criteria of Europe.
Flag of British India, 18581947
In the early twentieth century, around the coronation of Edward VII, a discussion started on the need for a heraldic symbol that was representative of the Indian empire. William Coldstream, a British member of the Indian Civil Service, campaigned the government to change the heraldic symbol from a star, which he considered to be a common choice, to something more appropriate that would bind the people to the Kingdom of Great Britain. His proposal was not well received by the government; Lord Curzon rejected it for practical reasons including the multiplication of flags. Around this time, nationalist opinion within the dominion was leading to a representation through religious tradition. The symbols that were in vogue included the Ganesha, advocated by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Kali, advocated by Aurobindo Ghosh and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. Another symbol was the cow, or Gau Mata (cow mother). However, all these symbols were Hindu-centric and did not suggest unity with India’s Muslim population.
The partition of Bengal (1905) resulted in the introduction of a new Indian flag that sought to unite the multitude of castes and races within the country. The Bande Mataram flag, part of the Swadeshi movement against the British, comprised Indian religious symbols represented in western heraldic fashion. The tricolour flag included eight white lotuses on the upper red band representing the eight provinces, a sun and a crescent on the bottom green band representing the Hindu and Muslim population respectively, and the Bande Mataram slogan in Hindi on the central yellow band. The flag was launched in Calcutta bereft of any ceremony and the launch was only briefly covered by newspapers. The flag was not covered in contemporary governmental or political reports either, but was used at the annual session of the Indian National Congress. A slightly modified version was subsequently used by Madam Bhikaji Cama at the Second Socialist International Meeting in Stuttgart. Despite the multiple uses of the flag, it failed to generate enthusiasm amongst Indian nationalists.
Around the same time, another proposal for the flag was initiated by Sister Nivedita, a Hindu reformist and disciple of Swami Vivekananda. The flag consisted of a thunderbolt in the centre and a hundred and eight oil lamps for the border, with the Vande Mataram caption split around the thunderbolt. It was also presented at the Indian National Congress meeting in 1906. Soon, many other proposals were initiated, but none of them gained attention from the nationalist movement. In 1916, Pingali Venkayya submitted thirty new designs, in the form of a booklet funded by members of the High Court of Madras. These many proposals and recommendations did little more than keep the flag movement alive. The same year, Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak adopted a new flag as part of the Home Rule Movement. The flag included the Union Jack in the upper left corner, a star and crescent in the upper right, and seven stars displayed diagonally from the lower right, on a background of five red and four green alternating bands. The flag resulted in the first governmental initiative against any nationalistic flag, as a magistrate in Coimbatore banned its use. The ban was followed by a public debate on the function and importance of a national flag.
Gandhi’s flag, introduced at the Congress meeting in 1921
In the early 1920s, national flag discussions gained prominence across most British dominions following the peace treaty between Britain and Ireland. In November 1920, the Indian delegation to the League of Nations wanted to use an Indian flag, and this prompted the British Indian government to place renewed emphasis on the flag as a national symbol. In April 1921, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi wrote in his journal Young India about the need for an Indian flag, proposing a flag with the charkha or spinning wheel at the center. The idea of the spinning wheel was put forth by Lala Hansraj, and Gandhi commissioned Venkayya to design a flag with the spinning wheel on a red and green banner, the red colour signifying Hindus and the green standing for Muslims. Gandhi wanted the flag to be presented at the Congress session of 1921, but it was not delivered on time, and another flag was proposed at the session. Gandhi later wrote that the delay was fortuitous since it allowed him to realise that other religions were not represented; he then added white to the banner colours, to represent all the other religions. However, soon the Sikhs wanted the banner to include the black colour and Gandhi was forced to address these issues in his writings and speeches. Finally, owing to the religious-political sensibilities, in 1929, Gandhi moved towards a more secular interpretation of the flag colours, stating that red stood for the sacrifices of the people, white for purity, and green for hope.
On 13 April 1923, during a procession by local Congress volunteers in Nagpur commemorating the Jallianwala Bagh massacre , the Swaraj flag with the spinning wheel, designed by Venkayya, was hoisted. This event resulted in a confrontation between the Congressmen and the police, after which five people were imprisoned. Over a hundred other protesters continued the flag procession after a meeting. Subsequently, on the first of May, Jamnalal Bajaj, the secretary of the Nagpur Congress Committee, started the Flag Satyagraha, gaining national attention and marking a significant point in the flag movement. The satyagraha, promoted nationally by the Congress, started creating cracks within the organisation in which the Gandhians were highly enthused while the other group, the Swarajists, called it inconsequential. Finally, at the All India Congress Committee meeting in July, at the insistence of Jawaharlal Nehru and Sarojini Naidu, Congress closed ranks and the flag movement was endorsed. The flag movement was managed by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel with the idea of public processions and flag displays by common people. By the end of the movement, over 1500 people had been arrested across all of British India. The Bombay Chronicle reported that the movement drew from diverse groups of society including farmers, students, merchants, labourers and “national servants”. While Muslim participation was moderate, the movement enthused women, who had hitherto rarely participated in the independence movement.
The Swaraj Flag, officially adopted by the Congress in 1931
While the flag agitation got its impetus from Gandhi’s writings and discourses, the movement received political acceptance following the Nagpur incident. News reports, editorials and letters to editors published in various journals and newspapers of the time attest to the subsequent development of a bond between the flag and the nation. Soon, the concept of preserving the honour of the national flag became an integral component of the freedom struggle. While Muslims were still wary of the Swaraj flag, it gained acceptance among Muslim leaders of the Congress and the Khilafat Movement as the national flag. Detractors of the flag movement, including Motilal Nehru, soon hailed the Swaraj flag as a symbol of national unity. Thus, the flag became a significant structural component of the institution of India. In contrast to the subdued responses of the past, the British Indian government took greater cognisance of the new flag, and began to define a policy of response. The British parliament discussed public use of the flag, and based on directives from England, the British Indian government threatened to withdraw funds from municipalities and local governments that did not prevent the display of the Swaraj flag. The Swaraj flag became the official flag of Congress at the 1931 meeting. However, by then, the flag had already become the symbol of the independence movement.
Indian Flag, the first stamp of independent India, released on 21 Nov 1947, was meant for foreign correspondence.
A few days before India gained its freedom in August 1947, the Constituent Assembly was formed. To select a flag for independent India, on 23 June 1947, the assembly set up an ad hoc committee headed by Rajendra Prasad and including Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Sarojini Naidu, C. Rajagopalachari, K. M. Munshi and B.R. Ambedkar as its members. On 14 July 1947, the committee recommended that the flag of the Indian National Congress be adopted as the National Flag of India with suitable modifications, so as to make it acceptable to all parties and communities. It was also resolved that the flag should not have any communal undertones. The spinning wheel of the Congress flag was replaced by the Chakra (wheel) from the Lion Capital of Ashoka. According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, the chakra was chosen as it was representative of dharma and law. However, Nehru explained that the change was more practical in nature, as unlike the flag with the spinning wheel, this design would appear symmetrical. Gandhi was not very pleased by the change, but eventually came around to accepting it. The flag was proposed by Nehru at the Constituent Assembly on 22 July 1947 as a horizontal tricolor of deep saffron, white and dark green in equal proportions, with the Ashoka wheel in blue in the centre of the white band. Nehru also presented two flags, one in Khadi-silk and the other in Khadi-cotton, to the assembly. The resolution was approved unanimously. It served as the national flag of the Dominion of India between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950, and has served as the flag of the Republic of India since then.
Design and symbolism
The original sandstone-sculpted Lion Capital of Ashoka preserved at Sarnath Museum. The “chakra” on the flag is derived from this ancient monument.
Gandhi first proposed a flag to the Indian National Congress in 1921. The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya, an agriculturist from Machilipatnam. The original design Gandhi was presented with included two colours, red for the Hindus, and green for the Muslims. In the centre was a traditional spinning wheel, symbolising Gandhi’s goal of making Indians self-reliant by fabricating their own clothing. The design was then modified to include a white stripe in the center for other religious communities, and provide a background for the spinning wheel. Subsequently, to avoid sectarian associations with the colour scheme, saffron, white and green were chosen for the three bands, representing courage and sacrifice, peace and truth, and faith and chivalry respectively.
A few days before India became independent on August 1947, the specially constituted Constituent Assembly decided that the flag of India must be acceptable to all parties and communities. A modified version of the Swaraj flag was chosen; the tricolour remained the same saffron, white and green. However, the charkha was replaced by the Ashoka Chakra representing the eternal wheel of law. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, who later became India’s first Vice President, clarified the adopted flag and described its significance as follows:
Bhagwa or the saffron colour denotes renunciation or disinterestedness. Our leaders must be indifferent to material gains and dedicate themselves to their work. The white in the centre is light, the path of truth to guide our conduct. The green shows our relation to (the) soil, our relation to the plant life here, on which all other life depends. The “Ashoka Chakra” in the centre of the white is the wheel of the law of dharma. Truth or satya, dharma or virtue ought to be the controlling principle of those who work under this flag. Again, the wheel denotes motion. There is death in stagnation. There is life in movement. India should no more resist change, it must move and go forward. The wheel represents the dynamism of a peaceful change.
Manufacturing process
Flag size
Length and width in millimetres
1
6300 4200
2
3600 2400
3
2700 1800
4
1800 1200
5
1350 900
6
900 600
7
450 300
8
225 150
9
150 100
The design and manufacturing process for the national flag is regulated by three documents issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). All of the flags are made out of khadi cloth of silk or cotton. The standards were created in 1968 and were updated in 2008. Nine standard sizes of the flag are specified by law, and the largest size (6.3 by 4.2 metres (21 ft 14 ft)) is flown by the government of Maharashtra atop the Mantralaya building, the state administrative headquarters.
In 1951, after India became a republic, the Indian Standards Institute (now the BIS) brought out the first official specifications for the flag. These were revised in 1964 to conform to the metric system which was adopted in India. The specifications were further amended on 17 August 1968. The specifications cover all the essential requirements of the manufacture of the Indian flag including sizes, dye colour, chromatic values, brightness, thread count and hemp cordage. The guidelines are covered under civil and criminal laws and defects in the manufacturing process can result in punishments that include fines or jail terms. Khadi or hand-spun cloth is the only material allowed to be used for the flag, and flying a flag made of any other material is punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years, besides a fine. Raw materials for khadi are restricted to cotton, silk and wool. There are two kinds of khadi used: The first is the khadi-bunting which makes up the body of the flag, and the second is the khadi-duck, which is a beige-coloured cloth that holds the flag to the pole. The khadi-duck is an unconventional type of weave that meshes three threads into a weave, compared to the two weaves used in conventional weaving. This type of weaving is extremely rare, and there are fewer than twenty weavers in India professing this skill. The guidelines also state that there should be exactly 150 threads per square centimetre, four threads per stitch, and one square foot should weigh exactly 205 grams (7.2 oz).
A header of an Indian flag (size 6, date 2007/2008) certified by the ISI.
The woven khadi is obtained from two handloom units in the Dharwad and Bagalkot districts of northern Karnataka. Currently, Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha based in Hubli is the only licenced flag production and supply unit in India. Permission for setting up flag manufacturing units in India is allotted by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission, though the BIS has the power to cancel the licences of units that flout guidelines. The hand-woven khadi for the National Flag was initially manufactured at Garag, a small village in the Dharwad district. A Centre was established at Garag in 1954 by a few freedom fighters under the banner of Dharwad Taluk Kshetriya Seva Sangh and obtained the Centre licence to make flags.
Once woven, the material is sent to the BIS laboratories for testing. After quality testing, the material, if approved, is returned to the factory. It is then separated into three lots which are dyed saffron, white and green. The Ashoka Chakra is screen printed, stencilled or suitably embroidered onto each side of the white cloth. Care also has to be taken that the chakra is completely visible and synchronised on both sides. Three pieces of the required dimension, one of each colour, are then stitched together according to specifications and the final product is ironed and packed. The BIS then checks the colours and only then can the flag be sold.
Protocol
Main article: Flag Code of India
Correct horizontal and vertical display of the flag
Display and usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India, 2002 (successor to the Flag Code India, the original flag code); the Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950; and the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971. Insults to the national flag, including gross affronts or indignities to it, as well as using it in a manner so as to violate the provisions of the Flag Code, are punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years, or a fine, or both. Official regulation states that the flag must never touch the ground or water, or be used as a drapery in any form. The flag may not be intentionally placed upside down, dipped in anything, or hold any objects other than flower petals before unfurling. No sort of lettering may be inscribed on the flag. When out in the open, the flag should always be flown between sunrise and sunset, irrespective of the weather conditions. Prior to 2009, the flag could be flown on a public building at night under special circumstances; currently, Indian citizens can fly the flag even at the night, subject to the restriction that the flag should be hoisted on a tall flagpole and be well-illuminated. The flag should never be depicted, displayed or flown upside down. Tradition also states that when draped vertically, the flag should not merely be rotated 90 degrees, but also reversed. One “reads” a flag like the pages of a book, from top to bottom and from left to right, and after rotation the results should be the same. It is considered insulting to display the flag in a frayed or dirty state, and the same rule applies to the flagpoles and halyards used to hoist the flag, which should always be in a proper state of maintenance.
The original flag code of India did not allow private citizens to fly the national flag except on national days such as Independence Day or Republic Day. In 2001, Naveen Jindal, an industrialist used to the more egalitarian use of the flag in the United States where he studied, flew the Indian flag on his office building. The flag was confiscated and he was warned of prosecution. Jindal filed a public interest litigation petition in the High Court of Delhi; he sought to strike down the restriction on the use of the flag by private citizens, arguing that hoisting the national flag with due decorum and honour was his right as a citizen, and a way of expressing his love for the country. At the end of the appeals process, the case was heard by the Supreme Court of India; the court ruled in Jindal’s favour, asking the Government of India to consider the matter. The Union Cabinet of India then amended the Indian Flag Code with effect from 26 January 2002, allowing private citizens to hoist the flag on any day of the year, subject to their safeguarding the dignity, honour and respect of the flag. It is also held that the code was not a statute and restrictions under the code ought to be followed; also, the right to fly the flag is a qualified right, unlike the absolute rights guaranteed to citizens, and should be interpreted in the context of Article 19 of the Constitution of India. The original flag code also forbade use of the flag on uniforms, costumes and other clothing. In July 2005, the Government of India amended the code to allow some forms of usage. The amended code forbids usage in clothing below the waist and on undergarments, and forbids embroidering onto pillowcases, handkerchiefs or other dress material.
Disposal of damaged flags is also covered by the flag code. Damaged or soiled flags may not be cast aside or disrespectfully destroyed; they have to be destroyed as a whole in private, preferably by burning or by any other method consistent with the dignity of the flag.
Display
Placement protocol for the Indian flag with another country’s flag
The rules regarding the correct methods to display the flag state that when two flags are fully spread out horizontally on a wall behind a podium, their hoists should be towards each other with the saffron stripes uppermost. If the flag is displayed on a short flagpole, this should be mounted at an angle to the wall with the flag draped tastefully from it. If two national flags are displayed on crossed staffs, the hoists must be towards each other and the flags must be fully spread out. The flag should never be used as a cloth to cover tables, lecterns, podiums or buildings, or be draped from railings. Whenever the flag is displayed indoors in halls at public meetings or gatherings of any kind, it should always be on the right (observers’ left), as this is the position of authority. So when the flag is displayed next to a speaker in the hall or other meeting place, it must be placed on the speaker’s right hand. When it is displayed elsewhere in the hall, it should be to the right of the audience. The flag should be displayed completely spread out with the saffron stripe on top. If hung vertically on the wall behind the podium, the saffron stripe should be to the left of the onlookers facing the flag with the hoist cord at the top.
A flag procession
The flag, when carried in a procession or parade or with another flag or flags, should be on the marching right or alone in the centre at the front. The flag may form a distinctive feature of the unveiling of a statue, monument, or plaque, but should never be used as the covering for the object. As a mark of respect to the flag, it should never be dipped to a person or thing, as opposed to regimental colours, organisational or institutional flags, which may be dipped as a mark of honour. During the ceremony of hoisting or lowering the flag, or when the flag is passing in a parade or in a review, all persons present should face the flag and stand at attention. Those present in uniform should render the appropriate salute. When the flag is in a moving column, persons present will stand at attention or salute as the flag passes them. A dignitary may take the salute without a head dress. The flag salutation should be followed by the playing of the national anthem.
The privilege of flying the national flag on vehicles is restricted to the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Governors and Lt. Governors, Chief Ministers, Union Ministers, Members of Parliament and state legislatures, judges of the Supreme Court of India and High Courts, and Officers of Flag-rank of the Army, Navy and Air Force. The flag has to be flown from a staff affixed firmly either on the middle front or to the front right side of the car. When a foreign dignitary travels in a car provided by government, the flag should be flown on the right side of the car while the flag of the foreign country should be flown on the left side. The flag should be flown on the aircraft carrying the President, the Vice-President or the Prime Minister on a visit to a foreign country. Alongside the National Flag, the flag of the country visited should also be flown; however, when the aircraft lands in countries en route, the national flags of the respective countries would be flown instead. When carrying the President within India, aircrafts display the flag on the side the President embarks or disembarks; the flag is similarly flown on trains, but only when the train is stationary or approaching a railway station.
When the Indian flag is flown on Indian territory along with other national flags, the general rule is that the Indian flag should be the starting point of all flags. When flags are placed in a straight line, the rightmost flag (leftmost to the observer facing the flag) is the Indian flag, followed by other national flags in alphabetical order. When placed in a circle, the Indian flag is the first point and is followed by other flags alphabetically. In such placement, all flags should be of approximately the same size, no flag being larger than the Indian flag. Each national flag should also be flown from its own pole and no flag should be placed higher than another. In addition to being the first flag, the Indian flag may also be placed within the row or circle alphabetically. When placed on crossed poles, the Indian flag should be in front of the other flag, and to the right (observer’s left) of the other flag. The only exception to the preceding rule is when it is flown along with the Flag of the United Nations, which can be placed to the right of the Indian flag.
When the Indian flag is displayed with non-national flags, including corporate flags and advertising banners, the rules state that if the flags are on separate staffs, the flag of India should be in the middle, or the furthest left from the viewpoint of the onlookers, or at least one flag’s breadth higher than the other flags in the group. Its flagpole must be in front of the other poles in the group, but if they are on the same staff, it must be the uppermost flag. If the flag is carried in procession with other flags, it must be at the head of the marching procession, or if carried with a row of flags in line abreast, it must be carried to the marching right of the procession.
Half-mast
The flag should be flown at half-mast as a sign of mourning. The decision to do so lies with the President of India, who also decides the period of such mourning. When the flag is to be flown at half mast, it must first be raised to the top of the mast and then slowly lowered to half mast. While lowering the flag, it is first raised to the top of the pole and then lowered. Only the Indian flag is flown half mast; all other flags remain at normal height. The flag is flown half-mast nationwide on the death of the President, Vice-president, Prime Minister. It is flown half-mast in New Delhi and the state of origin for the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and Union Ministers. On deaths of Governors, Lt. Governors and Chief Ministers, the flag is flown at half-mast in the respective states and union territories. The Indian flag can not be flown at half-mast on Republic Day, Independence day, Gandhi Jayanthi, National Week or state formation anniversaries except over buildings housing the body of the deceased. However, even in such cases, the flag must be raised to full-mast when the body is moved from the building. Observances of State mourning on the death of foreign dignitaries are governed by special instructions issued from the Ministry of Home Affairs in individual cases. However, in the event of death of either the Head of the State or Head of the Government of a foreign country, the Indian Mission accredited to that country may fly the national flag at half-mast. On occasions of state, military, central para-military forces funerals, the flag shall be draped over the bier or coffin with the saffron towards the head of the bier or coffin. The flag shall not be lowered into the grave or burnt in the pyre.
See also
India portal
Similar flags
List of Indian flags
Footnotes
^ The current flag is an adaptation of Venkayya’s original design, but he is generally credited as the designer of the flag.
Notes
^ Virmani 1999, p. 172
^ Roy 2006, p. 498
^ Virmani 1999, p. 173
^ Virmani 1999, p. 174
^ Virmani 1999, pp. 175176
^ Roy 2006, pp. 498499
^ Virmani 1999, pp. 176177
^ Roy 2006, p. 504
^ Virmani 1999, pp. 177178
^ Roy 2006, pp. 503505
^ Virmani 1999, pp. 181186
^ Roy 2006, p. 505
^ Virmani 1999, pp. 187191
^ Roy 2006, p. 508
^ India Postage Stamps 19471988.(1989) Philately branch, Department of Posts, India.
^ Souvenir sheet of the Independence series of stamps, Indian Posts, 1948
^ a b c d e f g h i j k “Flag code of India, 2002″. Fact Sheet. Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 4 April 2002. http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2002/fapr2002/f030420021.html. Retrieved 11 October 2006.
^ Jha 2008, pp. 106107
^ a b Heimer, eljko (2 July 2006). “India”. Flags of the World. http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in.html. Retrieved 11 October 2006.
^ “Finally, Pingali Venkaiah set to get his due”. 30 July 2009. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/city/hyderabad/Finally-Pingali-Venkaiah-set-to-get-his-due/articleshow/4835923.cms. Retrieved 11 December 2009.
^ “Tribute to the ‘flag man’”. 10 August 2007. http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2007/08/10/stories/2007081050920300.htm. Retrieved 11 December 2009.
^ “Flag of India”. Encyclopdia Britannica. Encyclopdia Britannica Online. 2009. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1355310/flag-of-India. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l “Flag Code of India”. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 25 January 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060110155908/http://mha.nic.in/nationalflag2002.htm. Retrieved 11 October 2006.
^ “Indian Standards” (PDF). Bureau of Indian Standards. http://www.bis.org.in/sf/pow/txd.pdf. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
^ Ganapati, Priya (25January 2002). “Dhanesh Bhatt:India’s only licensed Tricolour maker”. Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/money/2002/jan/25flag.htm. Retrieved 11 October 2006.
^ a b c Vattam, Shyam Sundar (15 June 2004). “Why all national flags will be ‘Made in Hubli’”. Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 22 May 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060522230211/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jun152004/spt2.asp. Retrieved 11 October 2006.
^ a b c d Aruna Chandaraju (2004-08-15). “The Flag Town”. The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/08/15/stories/2004081500450200.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
^ Chandaraju, Aruna (15 August 2004). “The flag town”. The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/08/15/stories/2004081500450200.htm. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
^ “The Prevention Of Insults To National Honour Act, 1971″ (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/Prevention_Insults_National_Honour_Act1971.pdf. Retrieved 11 December 2009.
^ Press Trust of India (24 December 2009). “Now, Indians can fly Tricolour at night”. The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Now-Indians-can-fly-Tricolour-at-night/articleshow/5371591.cms. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
^ “My Flag, My Country”. Rediff.com. 13 June 2001. http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jun/13spec.htm. Retrieved 15 November 2007.
^ “Union of India v. Navin Jindal”. Supreme Court of India. Archived from the original on 24 December 2004. http://web.archive.org/web/20041224041041/http://www.supremecourtonline.com/cases/9305.html. Retrieved 1 July 2005.
^ “Sport tricolour, not below belt”. The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1161089,prtpage-1.cms. Retrieved 11 May 2008.
References
Virmani, Arundhati (2008), A National Flag for India. Rituals, Nationalism and the Politics of Sentiment, Delhi, Permanent Black, ISBN 81-7824-232-X
Virmani, Arundhati (August 1999), “National Symbols under Colonial Domination: The Nationalization of the Indian Flag, Marchugust 1923″, Past & Present 164: 169197, JSTOR 651278 .
Roy, Srirupa (August 2006), “A Symbol of Freedom: The Indian Flag and the Transformations of Nationalism, 1906″, Journal of Asian Studies 65 (3), ISSN 0021-9118, OCLC 37893507, http://www.umass.edu/sbs/pdf/srirupa_roy_article.pdf
Jha, Sadan (25 October 2008), “The Indian National Flag as a site of daily plebiscite”, Economic and political weekly: 102111, ISSN 0012-9976, OCLC 1567377 .
“Indian Standards” (PDF). Bureau of Indian Standards. http://www.bis.org.in/sf/pow/txd.pdf. Retrieved 1 July 2005.
“India”. Flags of the World. http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in.html. Retrieved 30 June 2005.
“India: Historical Flags”. Flags of the World. http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in-hist.html. Retrieved 30 June 2005.
“Flying the real tricolour”. Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/money/2002/jan/25flag.htm. Retrieved 1 July 2005.
“My Flag, My Country”. Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jun/13spec.htm. Retrieved 1 July 2005.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Flags of India
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Flag of India
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Flag Code of India
“National Flag”. National Portal of India. Government of India. http://india.gov.in/knowindia/national_flag.php. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
“Flag Code of India”. Ministry of Home Affairs (India). http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/flagcodeofindia.pdf. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
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