Dynamics Of Faith Analysis
Dynamics Of Faith Analysis
Purpose of Knowledge
Purpose of Knowledge
Article
By
Souran Mardini Ph.D
Purpose of knowledge
We propose to examine in this article the following question:
Does knowledge have a precise purpose?
We are ssuming that knowledge, instigated by astonishment and natural curiosity, emerges as the result of the inevitable interaction between man and the universe. The process of thought interaction is indispensable for man’s being. From the moment of the fecundation of the ovule by the sperm (both unknown in origin and presence) and till the realization of the final human form, matured and adult, life phenomenon presents itself as a total enigma. If we accept the hypothesis of internal finality which shapes the final product in term of development, we still have to explain the how does it bring it about and the why should it bring it about. It remains also to answer questions concerning the presence, origin, reason of being of man. The same logic applies to all phenomena, for every object is subject to these questions.
Conflict between finality and hazard is subject to individual conviction. The basis of such conflict is the absence of evidence. Subjectivity dominates the attitude of the individual in order to reach a final personal conjectural conviction.
We consider that the very absence of such possible verifiability leaves the door open for conjecture. In fact, man stakes his choice on this uncertainty. The choice between the mecanicist-atomist-organicist point of view and the vitalist-causalist-finalist perspective is not based on proof; otherwise, the choice becomes baseless. In our perspective we do not presume that hazard is the basis of the choice. It is the opposite; the choice is a well thought out decision.
We do not consider hazard as a random process of decision. It can be a convenient term to label an option of an alternative that cannot be verified. For hazard can be either in an oracular form, considered as a mean of divination, or in the form of indifference hazard, considered by science to be imposed by situation. The probability of hazard, in our perspective here, is unfound if laws of probability can be reduced to exact and succinct laws. According to scientific assumption water gushing out of a tap does so in a succinct and precise order where there is no place for hazard. The probability factor can be discarded depending on our unawareness of the order ofhe result. Our lack of knowledge of causes and effects, even in what is geometrically quantifiable, leads to complexity, often paradoxical remains a problem to be resolved. It is prompted by the limits of present knowledge which remains enigmatic: e.g. the Wall of Max Planck; the mystery of matter and time; the wall of death.
Becoming conscious of one’s limits the individual recoils to his faculty of belief. Metaphysical thought has nearly disappeared giving way to scientific knowledge. Scientific concepts of the emergence of auto organization can lead to arguments of probabilities of internal organizing finalities; external finalities cannot be excluded for lack of evidence.
But these probabilities are inherent within the choice alternative. The imposing enigma of existence prompts the question of creation (whether expressed internally or externally) causing a proof dilemma. The necessity of the faculty of judgment as well as the faculty of belief becomes indispensable, where the two, at one level, become identical.
Oscillating between the mecanicist-organicist explanation and the finalist-spiritualist the individual searches for a satisfactory choice to determine his final decision.
Like his forced existence, his form, structure, aging and death, every person passes through this life-cycle of appearance and disappearance. Interaction between man and the universe necessitates explanation. This explanation necessitates knowledge. The demand for explanation leads to awareness where man attains an uncertain state of comprehension, labeled as knowledge.
‘Ultimate knowledge’, i.e. knowledge of presence, structure, form, origin and finality of objects constituting the universe, remains unknown and inaccessible.
Heidegger, as an example of a materialist, considers that the ‘ultimate horizon of science will not be the representation and comprehension of the real but rather its enslavement by the technological’. The discomfort of the metaphysical order, unverifiable by the science, has incited Kant to think that,
‘speculative reason is not real and has no sense unless in relation to its submission to practical reason which does not seize to produce ends.’
Knowledge, so far, remains, at best, short of attaining ultimate interaction with the universe. It is the result of man’s capacity to acquire data. This data is limited by what the mind can conceive of the sensible and the intelligible. Neither the observer, man, nor the observed, the universe, is accessible to ultimate knowledge at our present state of knowledge.
Ultimate knowledge is concerned with the nature, structure, form, change, development, presence, origin and finality of the universe and its constituent parts. We are assuming in this work that this presumed inaccessibility to ultimate knowledge is meaningful. It can be permanent without being pessimist. Its significance lies in the fact that we are unable, so far, to unveil ultimate knowledge. The inaccessibility to ultimate knowledge leads to a state of presumed ignorance. This state knowledge blocks its progress. Confronting of ‘assumed ignorance’ is attained only through knowledge, where gradually but surely we recognize it by its dead ends.
We assume further that this presumed ‘state of ignorance’ is ‘inevitable’. Knowing attains a certain point where ultimate his enigma the individual aspires for an explanation. From the need for explanations emerges suppositions of causes that can bring about a universe of such dimensions and exactitude. Lack of proof for or against these suppositions creates a two-fold alternative obliging the observer to make his own choice. At this crossroad man is obliged to choose between belief and disbelief. This choice is presented in a two-options-alternative and does not allow for dialectical synthesis. It is either the one, belief, or the other, disbelief, in a creator-cause.
No individual can believe and disbelieve at one and the same time. And a synthesis of the two is not possible.
Man himself, as one dimension of matter in time, an expression of life realizes gradually his position in this infinite universe, his role and function. He finds himself in a certain shape and form, size and characteristics. He is endowed with the faculties of survival and comprehension. His innate curiosity leads him to inquire into the enigmatic presence of the universe and his own. Man improvises with knowledge, whether scientific or otherwise: intuitive, telepathic, psychic, Para-psychic, artistic,moral, aesthetic or spiritual or even perceptive (karma), to interpret phenomena and eventualities.
Directionality of knowledge
Finality
Can the scientific mind exclude all precautions relative to finality, by trying to explain it? Can we limit the explanation to science only? Can science satisfy the questioning of meaning posed by philosophers?
How can we explain that starting off from confrontation with phenomenon, i.e. the vitalized object, belief in a cause emerges as alternative?
Philippe Descamps explains that, ‘describing a phenomenon in finalist terms proposes the existenceof a consciousness capable of envisaging the whole and the future, also capable of working out a project that will organize the means of establishing and arranging harmoniously a ‘being’ made up of parts that develops in terms of the totality and contributing through its cooperation to the survival of an organism, we assume that it is animated by an internal finality, this ‘being’ is provided with intention.’ (Science et Avenir, October,2000).
The mechanicist explanation by the positivists does not lead to the explanation of the ‘reason of being’ that imposes itself.
In other words the ‘how’ does not explain the ‘why’.
Facing a world already made, and constantly changing, man interrogates himself about it, in its totality and in parts. What is the universe and how did it come about? Is there an architect or is the universe eternal, which does not exclude an architect, as Stephen Hawkins assumes, ‘If there was a Big Bang then there is a God but if the universe is eternal then there is no need for a God.’ For the argument that if the universe is eternal we can very well assume the eternality inaccessible at the present time.
God, as Aristotle suggests in his concept of movement and the prime mover.
If we live in a universe composed of hundreds of billions of galaxies, in which exists hundreds of billions of stars and planets, the field of knowledge is limitless. Man, as a very recent phenomenon, is in his infantile stage of existence and discovery. Planet earth is but one of these infinitely small sparkling spots in our vast system of the Milky Way. The earth, its form and structure, its constituent elements, its presence, its movement and velocity (rotation, tilting, orientation and orbits), its origin (birth, change and development), its position in our solar system, its control, its aging process and its life manifestations, so-called animate and inanimate, confronts man with endless questions. Science is beginning its infinite journey limited to the presence of man.
In this perspective there is no need to presume an already existing sterility of thought. But we are only emphasizing the notion of our present state of a presumed limited accessibility to what can be termed as ultimate knowledge. This can be argued if a state of inaccessibility to ultimate knowledge persists permanently as time passes and man discovers and having the chance to live for a long time. What was before is unknown, where did man come from and what makes us what we are is still unknown. This ultimate knowledge is still unknown.
The suspended threshold of the unknown:
Science does not provide us with any idea of the structure, presence and origin of any of the two enigmas, matter (or substance) and time. It speculates on the manifestations of the atom, being the smallest constituent particle of matter, offering no knowledge of its nature, presence, origin, cause,its reason of being, its governing laws, its functions and its control. What are atoms? Where do atoms come from? What it is is not within the reach of man.
he does not change its biological-chemical fundamentals according to a pre – order mechanism. The three mediators initiate its presence and controls its form and structure and designs its characteristics? All these questions belong to the domain of knowledge, and in particular, scientific knowledge.
Science, which purports to ‘know’ about the ‘how’, attempts to explain the mechanics of what is and what was. It attempts to discover how conditions are required for the formation of such universal mosaics.
Considering man as a spectator-exploiter, he is unable to create something from nothing. The composition and characteristics of matter itself allows him to use it according to its laws and nature. Such control, which maintains matter as Objects modified genetically presume modification of what is according to the laws that already govern it.
Isotopes of Plutonium 239 PU existing already in nature are exploited to bring about its potential characteristics. No scientist can pretend to creating from nothing an element or a law of matter. He only discovers the mechanism of splitting atoms and using its energy, for example, that already exists llion DNA characteristics chart already exists in the human body controlling life development structure, form, color, size, change and development. An apple exits, functions and develops according to its already made precise program. Man discovers and discovering its characteristics can develop further its potentialities that are allowed by its own design, but substance; otherwise, it seizes to be what it is and might become, if at all, something else.
Science is unable, so far, to identify empirically the structural nature that prompts such order and what assembles its constituent parts together to produce a final product. that can be a mental seizure, psychological, or moral. Faith or rejection of a cause for the faithless to the assumptions of belief and disbelief. He has, not immune to personal convictions. It is precisely this.
Even though a scientist shows disinterest for finalities he makes his decision and lack of evidence is forced to ultimately, deliberate his choice. In the process of acquiring his knowledge through his investigation the scientist becomes gradually aware of possible inaccessibility, somewhere in his ascendance. He realizes that every discovery opens up for other discoveries, an unlimited chain. This motivates the scientist to continue his work. The perplexity and vastness of the subject leads on to resolve one mystery after another where he comes to a closed sphere of knowledge. Very few people, especially scientists, would admit this. Knowledge is endless, everybody assumes it.
In any belief-system individual conviction is subject to personal interpretation. The concept of God in each religion differs from one religion to another and specifically from one individual to another. But the overall general concept of belief in response to whether ‘God is’ or ‘is not’, can be commonly shared.
Lack of evidence for the existence of God in religious belief systems results also in the individual choice. The claim of belief in religions is based on linguistic communication.
Whether in belief systems or metaphysics, thought is a process of communicative linguistic expressions that finally leads to expressing one’s convictions. In the case of faith, such symbol system of value judgment is not prerequisite to either belief or disbelief. Direct and immediate acceptance or rejection is prompted upon the confrontation of the faithful with phenomenon (a rose, for example, can prompt such a be the result of a direct seizure of the necessity of a creator or reject faith. This experience, where every person is bound spiritually or psychologically to take a stand. Communicating in symbolic systems such as for example letters, numbers, lines, colors, gesture and sounds, is not always necessary for representing one’s faith which can be intuitive, immediate, direct and wordless, or the rejection subject to, is neither communicable nor transmissible to others.
Symbolic-reference is not necessary in this case. Awareness of a creator-cause can be attained without mediation or meditation nor intellectualization. Man can directly seize the symbolic-reference of an object or an event (a tree, a landscape, a galaxy, orbit of earth). What is inevitable in the mind value-judgment is the individual’s own reckoning of a need, or non-need, for such a belief. Uncertainty of what is prescribed in belief-systems is the pivot-point in these questions. It is the point where an explanation is instigated.
From constant confrontation between man and the universe such a need is prompted. This confrontation triggers off the quest for knowledge indicating a purpose.
If faith is automatically felt reason can consolidate it only by conjecture. In this case, reason is used to argue for or against faith.
Dependant on the individual’s attitude the choice can be in favor of either one option or the other. For this, absolute freedom of choice is needed in order to make the decision, since there is no evidence to give support to either option.
Tension and harmony between reason and belief has marked distinctions of attitudes throughout the ages. It has been the cause of extremes in attitudes (pros: St. Augustine, Aristotle, Leibniz and cons: Nietzsche, Russell, Sartre) as well as oscillations between metaphysics and scientific objectivism.
Objectivism was brought about through verificationalism and reductionalism (Galilee, Laplace and Descartes) in opposition to the dogmatic teachings of the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages. or in opposition, due to lack of evidence. This is levels where the two do not meet. They might be in par Scientific knowledge is an empirical symbolic identification that can be parallel to belief but on two different and distinct allelism because the criterion of scientific empiricism cannot apply to systems of belief. The two are completely separated.They can be exploited to consolidate one another, which is often the case (Aristotle, Galilee, Hawkins). The orbit of the earth around the sun cannot be taken as a proof, or as evidence, for the existence of a designer nor as a disproof for such a designer.
For the believer, the orbit needs a cause-designer time-keeper, but the absence of means to verify the need for such a presumption consolidates the argument of the disbeliever.
Both cannot establish an evidence for their arguments but rather can only make a choice. In any way, the individual can not escape belief or disbelief.
The different attitudes of Kant and Heidegger indicate in this sense tension between speculative metaphysics and the impact of science. The discomfort of metaphysical speculation, which is non verifiable by science, has prompted Kant to think that speculative reason is not real and has no sense except with regard to its compliance with practical reason(experience), which in its turn does not stop to provide ends.
Observation does not provide us with significance but it is our value judgment that does so. If a sense of order is figured out by watching natural phenomenon, it is our orientation to recognize such a reaction that allows a sense of order.
Order can be presumed on observing the universe, its form, structure, movement, change and cycles. Albert Einstein mentions, ‘We find in the objective world a high degree of order’. It is claimed by some scientists that if the Big bang was advanced or retarded one split of a trillion of a fraction of evidence, and escapes it by discarding it but ma and life may have never been produced.
A second, the universe would have been in a different shape Galaxies (condensed presumably from a nebula of dust and gas matter) are submitted to rigorous precision of ‘order’ otherwise the universe would have not developed in its present form. Planet earth is constructed in such a way that life in its multiple and complex forms appeared. Conditions of life themselves are submitted to succinct order, control, laws and rigorous discipline. Any perturbation in the conditions of life (lack of oxygen, exposition to ozone zone, important perturbances in atmospheric pressure, density and zone of flora) renders life impossible. Any disorder in the rotation of earth around its axis or its orbits would result in disappearance of life. How does such order work? And what keeps it in control?
Genetic charts are of an unpaired exactness. Every natural phenomenon is subject to strict laws with relation to its nature, presence, structure, form and function.
The history of knowledge is concerned with the discovery of things and their laws. Such logic implies that if there are laws governing the universe then there must be order. But order and organization and arrangements are indiscernible in the laboratory of the scientist. He faces a wall of the non viability admit it within himself.
The finalist position is rejected by most scientists today, for it is outside the domain of scientific rationalism, but scientific findings are themselves subject to change and uncertainty.
The non evidence assumed by the scientist of the finalist position renders him to reject such a possibility. But can the scientist do away with it altogether. Henri Atlan considers that at the origin of these finalities, bearers of significance, we find, in human societies, contradiction between religious traditional presumptions and scientific knowledge. Likewise; and in the ultimate analysis, scientific knowledge loses its verifiability when ‘ultimate knowledge’ imposes itself exacting the origin, order and organization in material of
science. Certain uncertainty of scientific discoveries remains eminent open to disagreement among scientists, especially to fundamental questioning about matter and origin in micro and macro fields. Science postulates theories subject to verification and change but are limited by the limits of subjectmatter itself. The scientist, although discarding causality from his account, can not avoid the question of causality.
Descamps assumes, with respect to external finality, that an inert object, presented as an organism, or an individual, exists for another end than itself. It is by supposing this that external finality emerges. It is not for the object ‘to be’. In other words, the object itself cannot bring itself about. He does not attribute consciousness to the object itself but, on the contrary, to an external consciousness outside everything an ranscendental to everything. If the domain of explanation is amputated of all forms of finality, and disciplines want to be constituted as science must eliminate finality from its expression. The advent of modern physics and the passage to the conception of an infinite universe have consecrated scientific death of finality, because it imposes the postulate oforganizing thought of the world, is sent back to the ranks of the occult forces. The idea of ‘extra universe finality’, an externality ad infinitum, becomes presumably contradictory, a thing that has to be established. But if an extra universality is dismissed on the postulate of the infinity of the universe then why not postulate that such extra universality is infinite in its turn. Likewise the advent of modern sciences does disprove the existence of such an externality. In fact, both presumptions lack evidence and neither proof nor disproof can be produced in support for the existence, or non existence, of such an externality.
But, does renunciation of finalism satisfy the mind? How
can we explain the development of things from simple
atoms, the cellular or molecular fundament, to its final state,
mature and concrete?
Confronting the Universe
The starting point of knowledge is that ‘man has to confront with the universe’ and ‘the need to explain it’.
In the first place, we must face scientific explanations of the universe and its constituent parts. The ‘complexity principle’ adopted by Hubert Reeves proclaims a complex structure found already in the constants of the universe since the setting off of the cosmic process. He specifies that, ‘the Universe possesses, right from the first instances, the proprieties requisite to elaborate the complexity’. This can be conceded if we accept the hypothetical assumption of a beginning singularity.
This complexity that has given birth, development and structure to the universe depends on relatively meager number of fundamental constants. Without these constants the universe can neither be nor can be dilated up to its present form already in progression or in digression.
The structure of numerous systems in nature, from the microscopic scale to cosmological scale, is based on the values of this relatively small number of fundamental constants of physics.
The following tables A and B explain this idea:
Permitivity
Table A
The fundamental constants of physics
Quantity Symbol Numeric values
Light speed c 3x10p8 m/sec
Electric charge of
proton
e 1,6x10p-19
coulomb
of
emptiness
eo 8,85x10p-12
farad m-1
Constant of
Planck
h 6,63x10p-34
joule sec
Constant of
Boltzmann
k 1,38x10p-23
joule/K
Mass at rest of
proton
mp 1,67x10p-27 kg
Mass at rest of
electron
me 9,11x10p -31 kg
Constant of the
gravitation
of Newton
G 6,67x10p-11 m3
kg-1 sec-2
Constant of the
weak force
gw 1,43x10p-62
joule m3
Constant of the
strong force
gs 47,4x10p-26m
Length of Planck (Gh/e3)1/2 2x10p-35m
Table B
A modest change in the values of these constants results in a
radical alteration of the structure of the Universe. The
cosmological framework can considerably be transformed, to
the point of being sterile to the emergence of life:
thermonuclear
Diminution Augmentation
Interaction
(Strong)
of the constant of
coupling
-No other nucleus
than oxygen
-No stars, no
carbon
Of the constant
of coupling
-Formation of
heavy
nucleus; no
carbon
Electromagnetic
-No chemical link
possible, so no
complex organic
molecules
-No susceptible
nucleus forming
organic
molecules
Interaction
(Weak)
-Universe
containing only
helium; no water
-No cycles of
nuclear reactions
of combustion of
hydrogen
-No supernovae
-No supernovae,
so no ejection of
heavy elements
necessary to the
generation of
living beings
Gravitational -No division of
in
the midst of
interstellar clouds
in contraction
-No supernovae (1)
-Very short
duration of life
of stars;
no planets
We recognize in these systems, without separating ourselves from the field of science, a kind of immanent finality to the universe, a profound coherence of all its constituent parts.
Science searches for a scientific coherent theory that can explain everything. A unique theory such as the hypothetical Theory of Strings or the hypothetic M-theory (Master theory) enigmas then how can knowledge be considered as knowledge?
that can be able to describe all fundamental interactions of matter and its laws in order to comprehend the secrets of the world from the infinitely small to the infinitely big.
The attempt, for example, of Stephen Hawkins to unify quantum theory with the Theory of General Relativity is, up to now, non realizable. The Theory of Strings remains also a hypothetical postulate rejected by many scientists.
Descamps mentions that ‘science eliminates finality from its discourse, but this total dismissal on the part of scientific…
______
1. Sciences et Avenir (Journal), Octobre, 2000, Paris, France.
…progress inaugurates a new model of phenomena
interpretation: it is of the machine and mechanicism, which discards, in the least rationality i.e. the spiritualist finalist model.’ He considers further, ‘that the mechanicist explanation of the real refinds itself more reinforced and legitimated by the fact that it opens up innumerable possibilities for technical realizations: its scientific richness can thus be measured and this measure is made in the light of its technical applications that it allows.’ (Sciences et Avenir, November, 2000).
The comprehensiveness of man in the universe does not contradict his capacity to take a distance, even in a limited and artificial way, and to apprehend as an observer. In the final analysis, the two phenomena, universe and man, are enigmas that impose itself setting off knowledge. If the two are How did the universe come about and why? How did man come about and why?
These questions belong to the folkloric psychology of every individual. Why should we ask these questions and why should we answer? Where does man’s curiosity lead him to?
And why should there be curiosity at all?
Scientific knowledge maintains that most economy in the means of explanation does not keep into consideration except efficient causes: The principle of sufficient reason by imposing precedent chronologically the phenomenon that is the effect. But if the finality model is excluded from allsciences, certain essential and vital problems remain unresolved.
The science of living things lacks then in satisfactory explanations facing their life behavior in their evolution, development, adaptation and reproduction. In such a life model finality seems to animate its biological objects.
Physics, for example, cannot reduce certain arguments to mechanicist causes, such as the second law of thermodynamics postulating the necessary increase in the entropy of isolated systems. The explanation of lively organisms remains open to finality. Reducing these organisms to automatism or atomism, as the reductionalists and mechanicists assume, takes away the fact that they are lively beings.
Despite scientific progress science cannot succeed to pierce the wall of this stage of knowledge.
Ultimate knowledge represents the capacity of man to get to know universally, and without any ambiguity of hypothetical thinking, the real and true responses to the answers of fundamental questions: regarding the presence, origin, reason of being, nature and finality of every constituent object and finally the Universe itself, perceptible and intelligible, separately and in unison, as well as the empiric links between
cause and effect, where the ‘enigma’ seizes to be.
However, due to its subjectivity the finality perspective remains open to personal interpretations.
For example, if the paper-cutter for Sartre and the statue for Aristotle are fabricated with the intention of a precise function in the mind of its maker, then why stop limiting the logic underlies the concept of existentialism calling for impose itself on man: a point of departure for process to a human maker and not apply it to a natural phenomenon, such as a tree or the sun or even the universe, to a cause-maker? The basis of such a perspective is that we can verify the existence of the human maker but cannot verify the existence of a universe-maker. The universe, can well be argued, is an auto-productive system of auto-dynamism, but the question of what generates such a production and dynamism rests to be validated.
The incapacity of science, at the moment, to provide with such evidence does not annul the probability of a hypothesis of such maker proclaimed by the vitalist-finalist model.
Meanwhile, the tree and the sun, galaxies and the universe are food for knowledge and thought.
Examples of value judgments
We refer to the paper-knife in the example of Sartre’s logic of existentialism. This is an example of reflection, between man and the universe and what a philosopher can conclude in his concept to justify his atheism. The notion of ‘Existentialism’ stems from the example given by Sartre of the paper-knife, but discards the example of a tree because of lack of proof for a maker. Sartre went further in his explanation. He excluded the existence of a ‘maker’ for the paper-knife to find himself only with the ‘paper-knife’, existing on its own, a self-made object, as the basis for his assumption. And hence, the ‘paper- knife’, according to the Sartrian logic, has never had a ‘maker’, and comparatively, so is the world. The logic that the absurdity of being, becomes, at this point, itself absurd. Sartre accepts the presence of the paper-knife but denies the need for a maker-artisan of the paper-knife. He does not explain ‘how’ the paper-cutter came about. This absurdity is precisely the purpose of Sartre’s philosophy of existentialism. In this way man’s existence, according to Sartre, does not need a maker movement, as a ‘necessity of reason’ proclaimed by L’existence and hence does not need a creator-cause, and hence it becomes absurd in presence, in origin and finality. By rendering the world absurd Sartre, by begging his own question, considers it as absurd. The counter question, following his logic, is: how can the paper-knife exist without an artisan conceiving it?
‘The essence’, according to Sartre, does not precede ‘existence’. It is quite the opposite; it is the ‘existence’ that precedes the ‘essence’. This logic is used by Sartre to legitimize his presumption for the absence of a creator cause for the world. By discarding an artisan for the paper-knife he discards a designer for the world.
An easy way, absurd as it is, to do away with a ‘maker’ for the universe is imposed by scientific empiricism, above all the non necessity of such a maker, for the tree itself is already in Nietzsche, as another example when facing the universe, denies ‘order’ and ‘laws’ and assigns the universe to be a product of ‘chaos’ and ‘hazard’, by doing so he gets rid of the need of a ‘creator-cause’.
The individual person when facing the universe and trying to explain it, has the free choice to believe or disbelieve in any causality assumption. The Aristotelian postulate of the ‘prime cause’ prompted by a ‘presumed necessity’ to explain Leibniz and a ‘moral necessity’ proclaimed by Kant.
The five assumptions of Sartre, Nietzsche, Aristotle, Leibniz and Kant represent personal convictions.
If we admit the finality of a house is habitation and the finality of medical science is healing, we cannot then exclude theoretical hypothesizing about finality for natural phenomenon, atmospheric pressure, water and the sun, life and Man.
The scientific taboo is found between the maker of intentional finality, in objects made by man that are subject to verification, and a presumed maker of natural phenomenon, a presumption eliminated from explanation.
The postulated argument of St. Augustine identifying ‘reason with revelation’ remains, at best, a personal conviction, and not subject to verification. Logic here submits the idea of the existence of a God, depicted in the Scriptures, to human reason. Such an exercise, very frequently used in the history of religious thought (often drawing support from Aristotelian metaphysical presumptions), attempts to justify statements of the Scriptures according to monotheistic assertions. The attempt is only intellectually hypothetical. Should there be the least index of its proclamations the whole humanity has already found its way for an explanation. Lack of evidence becomes the pivot of the attitude of men. Any evidence, for or against the existence of a designer-cause, annuls immediately any belief system.
The argument of the existence of the universe vis-à-vis the non existence of the universe as a comparative-contrastive index appeals to reason by begging the question. The nihilist, the skeptic, and the one who doubts, as well as the agnostic, can reduce this argument to nullity. All depends which side the individual has chosen.
Through the enigmatic presence of the universe and man we seem to be in perpetual lack of knowledge.
Our present knowledge is suspended as ever between these two enigmas. In this respect, we do not consider as valid the assumption of Jacques Monot of using the term ‘teleonomy’ to denote ‘non-intentional finality characterizing the integrated functioning of biological unit’.
It is a contradiction in terms, since hazard is present as alternative. Therefore; if, and only if, hazard is the cause of finality, even if finality is non intentional, it seizes to be hazard. It becomes calculating intelligence of decisive control leading to order. Mechanical causality explains the mechanism of relations without attempting to explain the instigating factor of such causality, nor of the nature of force of its assumed control, of the animated aspect. If the auto-mechanism is considered as the instigating factor for the universe, it remains to explain the instigating factor itself.
Can we explain phenomena by mechanical causality only, if we demand for the ‘how’, particularly, in explaining biological phenomena? A man, or a lizard, cannot be a mechanical robot and a tree as well cannot only be a productive machine. Reducing everything to atomistic mechanics leaves the question open to its presence, its origin, form and structure, its laws, its controlling system and the instigating power, the motor of its mechanical functioning.
This idea can be valid in explaining the mechanism of phenomena, already in existence, but does not explain its very existence and why such mechanism should function.
Scientific verificationalism rejects metaphysical speculations as non subject to empiricism. But, facing a phenomenon, the scientist is forced to take a stand towards these questions. He can either believe in a causal finality or reject it. The fact remains valid that lacking the establishment of any links between the universe and a presumed finality leaves the question open to individual convictions, and the scientist is no exception. Any individual, whether a scientist or not, may oscillate between causal finalities and scientific mechanicism, but has to make his decision either way. He cannot believe in causality and reject it at one and the same time.
If finality, internal or external, can be identified and indicates that ‘intentional action leads to a purpose’, and that finality is ‘the final cause determining the presence and maturity of an object, we can demand why is it the case?
If we accept the argument of a believer in external finality and things are made for an external purpose, then man ought to serve a cause other than himself; an inadmitted cause by science and a metaphysical presumption.
The encounter between man and phenomenon sets off the process of thinking leading to an inevitable end: a choice.’ It is to this end we attributesense. The end of a human being is to procreate or to die, forexample, but the fact of reproducing as well as death is linkedin a precisely defined cycle manifested in terms of a beginning, a course and an end. This cycle can suggest a precise finality. Our interest here concerns man as finality by himself before his death, although subject to it, and his confronting with the universe has this end.
Man’s knowledge is one way to enable him to choose. He can choose directly by other means, faith or belief without reference to knowledge. But we consider that the ultimate purpose of knowledge is to enable man to choose. Surviving ensures man’s presence to acquire enough knowledge in order to choose.
‘Each time a new discovery is made we come a little bit closer to reality’, asserts Karl Popper. If we accept the presumption of the two-fold enigma namely, man and the universe then the probability of a third enigma, namely a designer externality emerges. Dismissal altogether of such probability does not deny the probability of the choice but confirms it.
If science rejects finality as non-verifiable, finality remains insistent by the phenomenon of motivation of things, simply by becoming what they are. The embryo develops in such a precise schematic totality that is realized in the finality of man adult and mature.
The cause, whether mechanic or non-mechanic, remains an unknown factor to be resolved, being afinal cause or an efficient one.
The universe forces itself upon our mind to produce a never ending process of interactions where we are obliged to know.
Knowledge motivates us to search for explanations, whether for immediate utility or a far fetched one. Knowledge becomes fully meaningful when it allows man, by giving him the means of decision, to choose between finality and mechanism, in response to his natural drive for an explanation of his own existence.
About the Author
EXAMINING THE RELIGION OF ATHEISM #3: EVOLUTION – TRUE MONKEY BUSINESS
Dynamics Crm Sdk
Dynamics Crm Sdk
Hitting The Gas – Capitalizing On Crm Accelerators
One of the most widely heard complaints about CRM systems is that they are supposed to be user-friendly and intuitive, but it doesn’t take long to discover that any functionality that is also friendly to your particular company can still require a formidable amount of time and effort spent on customization and coding. This could also be said for Dynamics CRM in its earlier iterations – many early adopters of Microsoft’s CRM suite found themselves frustrated with what was missing from the application and disappointed in the amount of custom development they still had to do.
The good news is that the Dynamics CRM landscape today is ripe with opportunity for partners and coding enthusiasts alike to build supplemental functionality that meets the critical needs of a variety of industries and organizations. Microsoft has been supportive of these efforts and has provided sandbox sites, community forums and open access to the Microsoft team and its MVP’s for participants to collaborate and build upon each others’ creations.
The most exciting area of this effort is the set of CRM Accelerators that are FREE for download to anyone that is interested. Accelerators are a collection of add-on solutions developed for Dynamics CRM customers and partners that can be configured to broaden marketing, sales and service capabilities. In addition to being free, Microsoft has also committed to fully supporting these Accelerators, just like any other custom code that adheres to their Software Development Kit (SDK) guidelines; this means that Accelerators will continue to work without issue after any future upgrades. Finally, to sweeten the pot, all source-code for the Accelerators are provided with the applications so CRM truly does become anyone’s playground.
There are some Accelerators that are more basic than others, or that are simply a nice add-on to core functionality, like the Newsfeed, Business Productivity Workflows, and Notifications pieces. But that is only the tip of the iceberg. For those seeking a more robust solution, Extended Forecasting, Portal Integration and Partner Relationship Management, among others, are all worth a look. It wasn’t long ago that any of these items would have only been available through a close partnership with CRM Partners and a lot of investment in custom work. Partners still provide a very valuable service in extending and enhancing these Accelerators for their clients, but companies with CRM have a much stronger basis for building out their system to truly become just what they need with the help of these Accelerators.
FMT Consultants is a Microsoft Gold Certified Partner for Dynamics CRM and GP located in Carlsbad, California. Visit our website at http://www.fmtconsultants.com or on Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/fmtconsultants.
About the Author
Posted by Natasha Serrano of FMT Consultants, LLC, a California Microsoft Gold Certified Partner in Dynamics CRM and GP.
Accessing data in Dynamics CRM in under 90 seconds!
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Working with Microsoft Dynamics CRM 2011 $26.48 Configure, adapt, and extend Microsoft Dynamics CRM 2011âguided by two of the leading implementation specialists in the field. Whether youâre an IT professional, a developer, or a power user, youâll get pragmatic, hands-on insights for customizing CRM in your organizationâwith or without programming. Discover how to:Set up and configure your system Plan and configure security s… |
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Working with Microsoft Dynamics(TM) CRM 4.0 $38.00 Get a practical introduction to Microsoft Dynamics CRM now updated for Microsoft Dynamics CRM 4.0. Microsoft Dynamics CRM is a value-packed customer-relationship management (CRM) solution for small- and mid-market businesses. The latest version adds workflow management capabilities, and will be delivered as an on-demand service through Microsoft® Office Live. With topics that include developing n… |
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CRM as a Rapid Development Platform $67.22 Leveraging Microsoft Dynamics CRM 4.0 as an application development platform to build real world business solutions that go beyond what you think of as “Just CRM” Microsoft Dynamics CRM 4.0 provides all the capabilities to be a foundation for building line of business applications and saves you a ton of time! In this book, you will learn that CRM is an application development platform not just a C… |
Dynamode Router
Dynamode Router
HELP..DNS failed when i tried to connect to xbox live.(10 points for best answer)?
I’ve got an xbox 360 and i tried to connect to xbox live,and it says the IP adress is confirmed,but when it gets to the DNS it says failed,I’ve got a Speedtouch modem and a dynamode router,and i’ve tried resetting it,but it still says dns failed.
Does anyone know what i could do to to make it work,and i’ve tried typing the dns maually but it still fails.
10 points for best answer
Are you sure you didn’t get yourself banned from xbox live? Also the dns might not be working because it does not match what it should be. I assume this worked before something happened right?
Esky Esmart
Esky Esmart
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E-Sky 4 CHANNEL LAMA V4 RTF Coaxial Remote Controlled Helicopter (Blue Color) $124.89 Lama V4 is a 4 channel helicopters with new design idea remote-control skill. Its power adopts coaxial counter-rotating blades and dual-motor system. The “4 in 1″ mix controller integrates the functions of Gyro, Mixer, ESC and Receiver. The canopy can disassemble and install easily so as ot adjust and mend the helicopter conveniently.It is also pretty and practical. Lama V4 possess of stable and p… |
Dynamite Kid Biography
Dynamite Kid Biography
Trade Journal Marketing – 5 Tips For Marketing Your Business Using Trade Journals
Trade journal marketing is something that should come naturally to every organization. Your company has something every journal editor is eager to get their hands on: knowledgeable experts. The journals in your industry offer great opportunities to market your business. The following tips help you use these valuable resources to your maximum advantage.
Become a Source
Let trade journal editors know your company leadership is here to help. Phone them with a little information about your organization, and then follow up by emailing biographies explaining your executives’ areas of expertise and experience, along with their contact information. The next time a story on those topics comes up, the editor will know who to call.
Share Your Content
Don’t just send editors your press releases. Be sure to pass along your white papers, articles and other custom content as well. Those ideas might make excellent story ideas for the journal, and the reporter will likely turn to you as an article source. Some trade journals may also ask to publish your content directly in their magazine – a great publicity opportunity.
The Advertorial Advantage
Many trade journals sell advertorial space – be sure to explore this powerful marketing opportunity. Advertorials mimic the appearance of editorial content, but typically have the words “special advertising section” printed at the top of the page. You get to write an article or case study, and it gets published word-for-word in the journal. This article will look and feel like news, so readers will be much more likely to respond to your advertorial than a typical advertisement.
Dynamite directories
If you have a limited advertising budget (and who doesn’t these days?) trade journal directories are the way to go. Many trade journals publish directories just once a year, and these reference publications often remain on desks for 12 months or more. So unlike a regular ad, your investment in directory advertising gets year-round exposure.
Expand your Horizons
When you’re making a list of journals to approach, don’t just focus on the journals you read. Think about where your prospects and clients are getting their information, and target those publications as well. For example, I often write for the trade journal Minnesota Meetings + Events. The target audience is meeting planners, and that makes it the perfect venue for hotels, caterers, teambuilding companies and party rental stores to market their services. Don’t forget to focus on local and regional trade journals in addition to the national publications, as well.
Dumb kids on Facebook make $119,833.57!
So if you want to take a behind the curtain pre-release look at the facebook secret that is about to shake the internet to its core then I strongly recommend you read everything on the next page before it’s too late!
Visit this page ==> Dumb kids on Facebook make $119,833.57!
About the Author
What if I told you to stop working day and night writing articles, posting blogs, setting up PPC campaigns, searching high and low for joint venture partners, creating videos … and all the other back breaking and boring stuff? You don’t need a website. You don’t need Google. You don’t need to create products. You don’t need to fork out on costly advertising. You don’t need any previous experience.
Take a peak at the system that is going to cause CHAOS all over the internet… Dumb kids on Facebook make $119,833.57!
Inoki Bom-Ba-Ye: Hall of Fame
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Memories (3 CD Boxed Set) $32.89 Spanning his career from the ’50s, ’60s, and ’70s, this Memories three-disc collection contains 75 songs and over three hours of music from the King of Rock ‘n’ Roll. Track listing: Disc 1 – The 50′s That’s All Right Baby, Let’s Play House Heartbreak Hotel I Was The One Blue Suede Shoes I Want You, I Need You, I Love You Don’t Be Cruel Hound Dog Any Way You Want Me Love Me Tender Anyplace Is Parad… |
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From Sunset to Las Vegas From Sunset to Las Vegas is a two CD set featuring the rehearsal at RCA’s studio on Sunset Blvd on August 16, 1974. It also includes a bonus section on disc two with ten live recordings from Elvis’ Las Vegas engagement in August/September 1974. Track listing: Disc 1 Rehearsal, recorded at RCA’s Studios, Hollywood, August 16, 1974 1. If You Love Me (Let Me Know) – Version 1 2. If You Love Me (Let M… |
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The Wonder Of You: Recorded Live in Las Vegas, August 13, 1970 $59.95 The Wonder Of You features the complete concert performance from The International Hotel in Las Vegas on August 13, 1970, mixed in its entirety for the first time by Vic Anesini. Filmed as part of the legendary That’s The Way It Is movie, unique performances include: “Stranger In The Crowd,” “In The Ghetto,” “Make The World Go Away” and “Don’t Cry Daddy.” Track listing: 1. That’s All Right 2. I G… |
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Pure Dynamite: The Price You Pay for Wrestling Stardom $9.95 Pure Dynamite is a blow by blow account of the career of Tom Billington, who wrestled solo as The Dynamite Kid, and with Davey Boy Smith as half of the British Bulldogs tag team. Twice world champion, Billington was featured in the pages of Playboy magazine and was an international celebrity. Although he should have been a millionaire when he retired in 1993, after 16 years of professional wrestli… |
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Alfred Nobel: The Man Behind the Peace Prize (True Stories) $10.82 Almost everyone has heard of the Nobel Prize, a collection of prizes awarded for accomplishments in science, medicine, literature, and peace. But few people know about the man who established the award and for whom it is named, Alfred Nobel.Alfred Nobel was born in Sweden in 1833. A quick and curious mind, combined with a love of science and chemistry, drove him to invent numerous technological de… |
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Pure Dynamite This is the autobiography of the wrestler known as the Dynamite Kid. It is a no-holds-barred look at the inside workings of the wrestling busines from one of it’s biggest stars…. |
Dynamite Taio Cruz Video
Dynamite Taio Cruz Video
Taio Cruz is Fashion Star this August on Fashion Tube
Taio Cruz is the Fashion Star of August Month on the Fashion Tube website at http://sexycubes.com. The Fashion Tube takes you music and fashion fans from London to LA to NYC with the amazing fashion and music star Taio Cruz. Taio Cruz is a Brit Award winning, English singer-songwriter, occasional rapper, and music producer. Taio Cruz fans are increasing and he says his best fans are in the UK and USA. He loves LA and NYC. Loves shopping in LA, NYC and in London. His recent song ‘Dynamite’ is all over the radio and FM stations worldwide.
Watch Taio Cruz video only on the Fashion Tube Website at http://sexycubes.com
On 1 September 2009, Cruz launched the brand Rokstarr, the fashion and accessories brand has a focus on sunglasses. Musicians such as Kanye West, Shontelle, Keri Hilson and Kelly Rowland have been seen wearing a pair. Speaking in October to R&B writer Pete Lewis, Cruz stated: “There’s a load of US celebrities that are all rocking the sunglasses already – Kid Cudi, Justin Timberlake, Kanye West… Then in the UK we have The Saturdays, JLS, Daniel Merriweather – who’ve all been twittering and writing on their blogs how much they love them. So yeah, it’s definitely my new album ‘Rokstarr’ and the fashion brand that are my two main focuses at the moment.”
Meanwhile, speaking again to Lewis, in April 2010 Cruz revealed: “We’re currently looking to expand the brand and possibly go into things like watches. I’ve also got a new subsidiary of Rokstarr called ‘Rok By Rokstarr’. And we’ve just started doing things like jeans and T-shirts, and stuff that more of the fans of Taio Cruz can buy. Because with Rokstarr in itself being so expensive, a lot of the kids out there who want to buy Rokstarr things can’t. So we’re bringing in stuff that’s a little bit more High Street and more affordable.”
About the Author
nepsyboy
Esky Simulator Models
Esky Simulator Models
Radio Controlled Tanks: It’s Fun to Be At War
Radio Controlled Tanks (RC tanks) are models based on war tanks, steerable with the use of radio controls. How do these lovelies work? Well, there are three elements involved: the transmitter, the receiver and the servo. The transmitter is the controller which can be in the form of triggers, control sticks, dials or switches which the user operates with. The receiver is mounted in the RC tank model and receives and processes the signal that comes from the transmitter. The signals are then sent to the servos. The number of servos in a model is a factor that determines the number of channels, the radio must have.
Radio controlled toy tanks have simplified circuits, which means that the receiver and the servos are integrated into one circuit. So you will not be able to take one toy circuit and put into the other toy tank. These lovely models have invited the fancy of many and they are now one of the preferred toys for kids today. The realistic design, attention to detail and features are a decisive factor when one shops for these toys. Kids these days love ‘real toys,’ and they prefer RC tanks have the right camouflage, caterpillar tracks and the turret.
Radio Controlled tanks can come in sizes from as small as 1/24th scale to as big as 1/8th scale that can be simply stated as enormous. Though low cost tanks are good enough, the ones with size 1:16 are more realistic. Tamiya and Heng Long are reputed manufacturers of radio controller tanks with the former manufacturing the big sized versions like Leopard 2 while Heng Long manufactures quality entry level radio tanks. Pershing, Sherman and Abrams are popular models of RC tanks from Heng Long. If you go for a 1:16 Radio Controlled Tank, you will be able to get a model that is closest possible to the actual war tank in terms of the metal tracks, gear box, turret and two motor systems making it easy for the toy vehicle climb objects and hills too.
While buying, people pay attention to things like engine sound, machine gun sound, the built-in smoke generator, the simulative motor-start up and the cannon ball sound. So it is equally important for Radio Controlled Tanks to have auditory appeal than just mere visual appeal. The remote controlled airsoft tank on a good model will have a range of more than 80 feet and a capacity to shoot more than 40 pellets. With smoke generators to create cover under heavy fire, realistic sound effects and the propensity of these wonders to shoot back, these toys can make you look different from other toy enthusiasts in your neighborhood. And if they do own RC tanks too, you can even invite them to a tank fight. The remote controller has variable frequencies so that you can adjust the speed as you go all out on a tank fight. Enjoy the prowess and ability of these wonderful Radio Controlled Tanks and be the envy of your neighborhood.
About the Author
Cathy Robertson is the author of this article on Radio Controlled Tanks. Find more information about rc tank at nitrotek.co.uk
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E-Sky 4CH USB Flight Simulator Training Kit For RC Airplanes and R/C Helicopters $21.50 E-Sky 4CH USB Flight Simulator Training Kit For RC Airplanes and R/C Helicopters You can operate an aircraft with the same feeling of a pilot in the computer, experiencing the exciting flight of a real plane, and your of dream flying freely in the blue sky deriving from your childhood come true! Come on! Challenge to be a pilot and enjoy the exciting! This simulator includes a model airplane sim… |
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New RC Tech 6 CH Flight Simulator Remote Control w/ Software for Helicopters/ Airplanes $22.56 Revolutionary New Model Flight Simulator that allows the user to fly with the same type of transmitter used for regular flight. There are only a few Transmitter and Simulator combos on the Internet and none are equivalent to the Dynam FMS Simulator Package in value. This new simulator gives you real world flying experiences from your PC. Its Interlink Controller plugs into a USB port on your compu… |
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USB Flight Simulator 6 Channel Remote Control Training Com $22.98 MINIMUM SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS: Windows XP, 2000, ME, 98 This new complete simulator kit comes with everything you need (transmitter, cable, and the latest simulator software) to practice flying RC helicopter or RC airplane on your pc. This new simulator gives you real world flying experiences from y… |
Dynam Dc6 Review
Dynam Dc6 Review
Dynamic Drive Overlay Download
Dynamic Drive Overlay Download
What’s Next In Video Gaming
One of the more popular innovations that were created during the 70′s era is video games. From then on, it became one of the significant forces in the society, being the most renowned leisure pursuit. Some people could still remember the good old days when they played their Colevision, Intellivision, and Atari. Of course, you can be one of those that was been hooked on playing Nintendo and Sega games. Today, some internet websites are even allowing the users for free game downloads.
Some would be asking the question, what is the best video game system? Well, it will depend on your preference. Since one person is different from the other, it is possible that what you like will not suit what others prefer or vice versa. However, it is helpful if you try to study its evolution.
In the late years of the 1970′s and the early 1980′s, video games are relying more on the graphic movements. However it is considered as either less or more of a solitary pursuit. Moreover, the rise of the internet as well as online games, led to a lot of changes. It includes the ability of downloading games, playing games online, and making video games as a social activity. It is true because you can meet lots of players and opponents all over the world. This is the biggest change and rated as the latest game benefits.
During the early days, video games were called as innovators. Many people assumde that Pong started the history. But the truth is that it was the Odyssey system of Magnavox developed in 1972. It was equipped with 12 simple games having graphic overlays offering a lot of rooms for improvements. This leads to the development of Pong.
Pong was created by Nolan Bushnell together with the Atari founder, Al Alcorn. It was rumored that the prototype broke down when it was tested in a certain bar at California after two days of operation. So what they did was to create its home version. After one year, Pong was released by Atari having a complete built in speaker and paddles. It became a big success because it represented the new stage in the gaming evolutions. There are almost 60 knock-offs of Pong that was been produced however Atari dominated the market.
The entire video game industry adopted microprocessors on their designs. In this implementation, systems that are more complicated are developed. The new systems are able to produce innovative and groundbreaking auditory and graphical effects that were never seen before. Many consumers have tried these innovations setting the video games industry on fire. It was revealed that in 1981, over 5 billion dollars was solely spent on arcade machines and home game systems. There was even a market crash experienced by most video games systems in 1982, however the VCS/2600 system of Atari remained as a dominant player.
There are various games that were rated as great games. Do you still recall Pac Man? It was the yellow blob who were eating the dots but avoiding the ghosts which looks like a squid. It became a global sensation considering it as the all time biggest game in the world.
Then there came the Space Invaders which is also an incredibly popular game. It marks the turning point of arcade games found in populated places such as bars, restaurants, and shops. This became the most renowned all time arcade game focusing on stopping an alien invasion.
Super Mario will never be forgotten as well. It has characters which everyone can relate unto. Thereafter, Metroid, Zelda, and other video game classics were created. Nevertheless, the popularity of Atari became a past glory relic due to a bad decision. They never included the disk drives in their systems.
Everything has been changed in 1984 because of two innovations. The cost of DRAM or Dynamic Ram was greatly reduced allowing more memory, and higher power processors ranging to 8-bits was been produced. It was the new player that entered the console market, Sega.
Another key player was Nintendo produced in Japan. It was the marketing prowess of the Nintendo Company, spending millions on their advertisements hitting more consumers, that allowed it to rise as a market leader then. Today the development of Xbox, PlayStation 2, and Gamecube console game systems continue to dominate the market industry.
The evolution in the video game systems will truly help you define the best video game system there is in the market.
About the Author
One of the more popular innovations that were created during the 70′s era is video games. From then on, it became one of the significant forces in the society, being the most renowned leisure pursuit. Some people could still remember the good old days when they played their Colevision, Intellivision, and Atari. Of course, you can be one of those that was been hooked on playing Nintendo and Sega games. Today, some internet websites are even allowing the users for free game downloads. Some would be asking the question, what is the best video game system? Well, it will depend on your preference. Since one person is different from the other, it is possible that what you like will not suit what others prefer or vice versa. However, it is helpful if you try to study its evolution. In the late years of the 1970′s and the early 1980′s, video games are relying more on the graphic movements. However it is considered as either less or more of a solitary pursuit. Moreover, the rise of the internet as well as online games, led to a lot of changes. It includes the ability of downloading games, playing games online, and making video games as a social activity. It is true because you can meet lots of players and opponents all over the world. This is the biggest change and rated as the latest game benefits. During the early days, video games were called as innovators. Many people assumde that Pong started the history. But the truth is that it was the Odyssey system of Magnavox developed in 1972. It was equipped with 12 simple games having graphic overlays offering a lot of rooms for improvements. This leads to the development of Pong. Pong was created by Nolan Bushnell together with the Atari founder, Al Alcorn. It was rumored that the prototype broke down when it was tested in a certain bar at California after two days of operation. So what they did was to create its home version. After one year, Pong was released by Atari having a complete built in speaker and paddles. It became a big success because it represented the new stage in the gaming evolutions. There are almost 60 knock-offs of Pong that was been produced however Atari dominated the market. The entire video game industry adopted microprocessors on their designs. In this implementation, systems that are more complicated are developed. The new systems are able to produce innovative and groundbreaking auditory and graphical effects that were never seen before. Many consumers have tried these innovations setting the video games industry on fire. It was revealed that in 1981, over 5 billion dollars was solely spent on arcade machines and home game systems. There was even a market crash experienced by most video games systems in 1982, however the VCS/2600 system of Atari remained as a dominant player. There are various games that were rated as great games. Do you still recall Pac Man? It was the yellow blob who were eating the dots but avoiding the ghosts which looks like a squid. It became a global sensation considering it as the all time biggest game in the world. Then there came the Space Invaders which is also an incredibly popular game. It marks the turning point of arcade games found in populated places such as bars, restaurants, and shops. This became the most renowned all time arcade game focusing on stopping an alien invasion. Super Mario will never be forgotten as well. It has characters which everyone can relate unto. Thereafter, Metroid, Zelda, and other video game classics were created. Nevertheless, the popularity of Atari became a past glory relic due to a bad decision. They never included the disk drives in their systems. Everything has been changed in 1984 because of two innovations. The cost of DRAM or Dynamic Ram was greatly reduced allowing more memory, and higher power processors ranging to 8-bits was been produced. It was the new player that entered the console market, Sega. Another key player was Nintendo produced in Japan. It was the marketing prowess of the Nintendo Company, spending millions on their advertisements hitting more consumers, that allowed it to rise as a market leader then. Today the development of Xbox, PlayStation 2, and Gamecube console game systems continue to dominate the market industry. The evolution in the video game systems will truly help you define the best video game system there is in the market.
Google I/O 2009 …A Preview of Google Web Toolkit 2.0
